扎克伯格爲何用膠帶遮住電腦攝像頭和麥克風
Mark Zuckerberg is one of the most powerful men in the world because billions of people give Facebook, which he founded, free access to their personal data. In return, users receive carefully curated snapshots of his life: baby photos, mundane office tours and the occasional 5K.
由於數十億人允許他創辦的Facebook自由訪問他們的個人信息，馬克·扎克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)成了全世界最有影響力的人之一。而反過來，用戶只能看到他經過精心策劃的生活概況：嬰兒照、乏味的辦公室介紹，偶爾跑一個5K。
On Tuesday, observers were reminded that Mr. Zuckerberg, 32, is not just a normal guy who enjoys running and quiet dinners with friends. In a photo posted to his Facebook account, he celebrated the growing user base of Instagram, which is owned by Facebook. An eagle-eyed Twitter user named Chris Olson noticed that in the image’s background, his laptop camera and microphone jack appeared to be covered with tape.
週二，旁觀者再次被提醒，32歲的扎克伯格不僅僅是一個喜歡跑步和與朋友安靜地聚餐的普通人。在扎克伯格的Facebook賬號發佈的一張照片中，他慶祝了公司旗下的Instagram用戶增加。一個名叫克里斯·奧爾森(Chris Olson)的Twitter用戶敏銳地注意到，在照片的背景中，扎克伯格的筆記本電腦的攝像頭和麥克風似乎被用膠帶遮住了。
Other publications, including Gizmodo, used the tweet to raise the question: Was this paranoia, or just good practice?
包括Gizmodo在內的其他刊物利用這條推文提出了一個問題：這是多疑，還是好習慣？
The taped-over camera and microphone jack are usually a signal that someone is concerned, perhaps only vaguely, about hackers’ gaining access to his or her devices by using remote-access trojans — a process called “ratting.” (Remote access is not limited to ratters: According to a cache of National Security Agency documents leaked by Edward J. Snowden, at least two government-designed programs were devised to take over computer cameras and microphones.)
用膠帶封住攝像頭和麥克風通常標誌着此人擔心，或許只是略微有些擔心，黑客會用遠程訪問木馬進入自己的設備——這個過程叫“ratting”。（遠程訪問不僅限於遠程訪問木馬的使用者。愛德華·J·斯諾登[Edward J. Snowden]披露的一些國家安全局[National Security Agency]祕密文件顯示，美國政府至少設計了兩個用來接管電腦的攝像頭和麥克風的計劃。）
Security experts supported the taping, for a few good reasons:
安全專家支持扎克伯格用膠帶遮住電腦的攝像頭和麥克風，是出於以下幾個充分的理由：
• The first is that Mr. Zuckerberg is a high-value target.
首先，馬克扎克是一個高價值目標。
“I think Zuckerberg is sensible to take these precautions,” Graham Cluley, an online security expert and consultant, wrote in an email Wednesday. “As well as intelligence agencies and conventional online criminals who might be interested in targeting his billions, there are no doubt plenty of mischievous hackers who would find it amusing to spy upon such a high-profile figure.”
“我覺得扎克伯格採取這些預防措施是明智的，”網絡安全領域的專家和顧問格雷厄姆·克盧利(Graham Cluley)週三在一封電子郵件中寫道。“除了情報機構和可能覬覦他那數十億財富的傳統網絡犯罪分子之外，無疑還有大量喜歡惡作劇的黑客，他們會認爲暗中監視這麼有名的人是一件有趣的事情。”
• The second is that covering photo, video and audio portals has long been a basic and cheap security safeguard.
其次，遮住照片、視頻和音頻入口向來是一種划算的基本安全保護措施。
“Covering the camera is a very common security measure,” Lysa Myers, a security researcher at the data security firm ESET, said in an email. “If you were to walk around a security conference, you would have an easier time counting devices that don’t have something over the camera.”
“蓋住攝像頭是一項非常普遍的安全措施，”數據安全公司ESET的安全研究員莉莎·邁爾斯(Lysa Myers)在一封電子郵件中說。“在安全會議的會場上四處走走，遮蓋了攝像頭的設備會比沒遮蓋的多。”
• Third, Mr. Zuckerberg is not immune to security breaches.
第三，扎克伯格也免不了要面臨安全威脅。
A recent hacking of his Twitter and LinkedIn accounts shows that he most likely committed two basic privacy faux pas: He may have used the same password across several websites and did not use two-factor authentication.
前不久扎克伯格的Twitter和領英(LinkedIn)賬戶被黑一事表明，他極有可能犯了兩個基本的隱私錯誤：在多個網站使用相同的密碼，且未使用兩步驗證。
Judging from his photo, however, it appears that Mr. Zuckerberg was taking simple precautions to protect himself from anyone who may try to gain remote access. The practice is fairly technologically simple: Hackers trick people into clicking on links or unfamiliar websites containing malware that allows them access to the devices.
然而，從前述照片來看，扎克伯格似乎只是採取了簡單的預防措施，來保護自己遠離可能會嘗試進行遠程訪問的人。這種做法在技術上相當簡單：黑客騙人們點擊含惡意軟件的鏈接或不熟悉的網站。惡意軟件使他們能夠進入對方的設備。
Mr. Zuckerberg is not the only high-profile case: James Comey, the director of the F.B.I., also puts tape over his computer’s webcam, for surprisingly simple reasons, according to NPR:
扎克伯格不是唯一一個採取這種方式的名人：聯邦調查局(FBI)局長詹姆斯·科米(James Comey)也用膠帶遮住了他電腦上的攝像頭，原因簡單得出人意料。據NPR報道：
“I saw something in the news, so I copied it,” Mr. Comey said. “I put a piece of tape — I have obviously a laptop, personal laptop — I put a piece of tape over the camera. Because I saw somebody smarter than I am had a piece of tape over their camera.”
“我在新聞上看到的，於是就照着做了，”科米說。“我用一段膠帶——我當然有一臺筆記本電腦，我私人的筆記本電腦——我用一段膠帶把攝像頭遮住了。因爲我看到比我聰明的人也是用膠帶遮攝像頭的。”
People who are not billionaires or high-ranking government officials are not without risk, said Stephen Cobb, a senior security researcher at ESET.
ESET的高級安全研究員斯蒂芬·科布(Stephen Cobb)表示，不是億萬富翁或政府高官的人並非沒有風險。
“For people who are not C.E.O.s, the threat is people scanning the internet for accessible webcams for a range of motives, from voyeurism to extortion,” Mr. Cobb wrote in an email.
“對於不是重要人物的人來說，威脅在於，在網上尋找可操縱攝像頭的人可能是出於一系列動機，從窺探他人隱私到敲詐勒索，”科布在一封電子郵件中寫道。
Experts don’t have a good estimate for how often such attacks occur, but according to a 2015 report released by the nonprofit Digital Citizens Alliance, the practice is a growing problem for consumers, especially young women. The report also said that trojans account for some 70 percent of all malware.
對於這類襲擊發生的頻率，專家沒有一個好的估算方法，但非營利組織數字公民聯盟(Digital Citizens Alliance)在2015年發佈的一份報告顯示，這種做法越來越成爲消費者尤其是年輕女性面臨的一個問題。報告還稱所有惡意軟件中木馬佔大約70%。
“They’ve been one of the most popular types of malware on every operating system, for quite a long time,” Ms. Myers, of ESET, said. “The best ways to protect against them are to update all your software on your machine regularly, and use reputable security software, including anti-malware and a firewall.”
“在相當長一段時間裏，它們一直是所有操作系統面臨的最常見的一種惡意軟件，”ESET的邁爾斯說。“防禦它們的最好方法是定期升級所有軟件，並使用口碑好的安全軟件，包括反惡意軟件和防火牆。”
