紀念計算機科學之父艾倫•圖靈100週年誕辰

今天是中國傳統節日——端午節，國內很多搜索引擎紛紛換上了端午節logo，而谷歌更換的logo則是爲了紀念計算機科學之父艾倫·圖靈，該logo是一個圖靈機模型，一條紙帶被分成多個小格，可以用鼠標操作模擬修改格子裏值。今天是圖靈誕辰100週年紀念，對於谷歌這樣的計算機科技企業來說，這一doodle確實意義非凡。

艾倫·圖靈爲計算機科學的發展做出了突出貢獻，而其因同性戀身份遭受的迫害也頗爲人唏噓，一起來看看他的身平介紹吧！

Alan Turing was a remarkable British hero who helped create the modern world. Now known as the father of computer science, his inventions contributed greatly to the groundwork for the modern computer.
艾倫·圖靈是幫助開拓現代世界的英國英雄。被稱爲計算機科學之父的他爲現代計算機的基礎工作做出了卓越貢獻。

Born on June 23rd, 1912, in Maida Vale, Alan Turing grew up in Hastings. He displayed great individuality from a young age. At 14 he went to Sherborne School in Dorset. On discovering that there would be a general strike on his first day he took it upon himself to cycle the 60 or so miles to school on his own.
圖靈於1912年6月23日出生於麥達維爾，後在黑斯廷斯長大。他在很小年紀就展示出過人的天分，14歲時他前往多賽特的謝伯恩學校上學。開學的第一天，剛好遇上了大罷工。圖靈決心要趕上第一天的課，於是他獨自騎了六十英里的自行車去上學。

Turing subsequently read mathematics at Cambridge, later assisting in the development of the innovative Manchester computers.
隨後，圖靈進入劍橋大學學習數學，後來，他協助研製曼徹斯特馬克一號，即世界上最早的計算機之一。

On 4 September 1939 the day after Britain declared war on Germany, Turing reported to Bletchley Park, the wartime station of the Government Code and Cypher School and forerunner of GCHQ. At Bletchley, Turing led a team whose ingenuity and intellect were turned to the task of breaking German ciphers. One of Turing’s main contributions whilst there was to invent the Bombe, an electromechanical machine used to find the daily settings of the Enigma machine. A fully functional rebuild of the Bombe can be found today at Bletchley Park, along with the excellent Turing exhibition, I encourage you to visit.
1939年9月4日，即英國對德宣戰的第二天，圖靈前往布萊切利公園（即戰時政府信號密碼學校，政府通信總部的前身）報到。在這裏，圖靈領導了一個小組負責破譯德軍密碼。當時，圖靈的最大貢獻是發明名爲Bombe的電機裝置，用於發現德國Enigma密碼機的日常設置。今天，在布萊切利公園還有圖靈和Bombe的紀念展示，非常值得一看。

Alan Turing was an absolutely vital part of the British war effort and one of the most important people of the 20th century. It is without question that his efforts helped shorten the war significantly, saving the lives of millions of people.
毫無疑問，圖靈是促進英國在二戰中取得勝利的重要因素，同時也是二十世紀最偉大的人物之一。他的努力促進了戰爭的早日結束，挽救了數百萬人的生命。

And yet, he was treated badly. A burglary at his home led Turing to admit to police that he was a practicing homosexual, at a time when it was illegal in Britain. This led to his arrest and conviction in 1952 for ‘gross indecency’. Turing was subsequently forced to choose between imprisonment and chemical castration. He chose chemical castration. As a result of his conviction he lost security clearance and was not allowed to continue his work.
然而，他卻受到了不公正對待。一件發生在他家裏的盜竊案迫使他向警方承認他是同性戀，而在那時，同性戀在英國是違法的。他因此被捕，並於1952年因“嚴重猥褻行爲”而定罪。最後，他被迫在監禁和化學閹割二者中做出選擇，他選擇了化學閹割。而因爲這所謂的“罪行”，他失去了安全許可權利，工作也被迫中止。

On 8 June 1954 Turing was found dead and an inquest revealed he had poisoned himself with cyanide.
1954年6月8日，圖靈死亡，判決認定他是食用氰化物自殺。

The US-based Association of Computing Machinery has given The Turing Award annually since 1966. It is the computing world’s highest honour for technical contribution to the computing community and considered equivalent to the Nobel prize.
美國計算機協會從1966年開始設立圖靈獎，它是計算機界最負盛名、最崇高的一個獎項，有“計算機界的諾貝爾獎”之稱。