中國通過《反恐怖主義法》
China’s parliament has passed a controversial counter terrorism law, sweeping aside earlier criticism of some of its provisions by western governments and business lobbies.
中國立法機構通過了一部有爭議的反恐法律，沒有理會西方國家政府和商界遊說團體此前對其中一些規定提出的批評。
The official Xinhua news agency reported on Sunday that the law had been passed unanimously by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, saying it was intended to “address terrorism at home and help maintain global world security”. A final draft of the law was not immediately available.
官方的新華社週日報道全國人大常委會全票通過了這部法律，稱該法旨在應對國內恐怖主義和幫助維持世界安全。新華社受權發佈了中國《反恐怖主義法》全文。
Earlier this year, US President Barack Obama expressed concern about draft provisions in the law that could force foreign information technology groups to provide the Chinese government with “back door” access to their products, encryption codes and other sensitive information.
今年早些時候，美國總統巴拉克·奧巴馬(Barack Obama)表達了對該法草案中某些規定的擔憂，這些規定可能迫使外國信息技術集團向中國政府提供訪問其產品、加密代碼和其他敏感信息的“後門”。
Li Shouwei, an NPC official involved in drafting the law, said that it “is basically the same as what other major countries do” and would not undermine companies’ intellectual property rights.
參與制定該法的全國人大常委會法制工作委員會刑法室副主任李壽偉表示，這種做法“是同世界上主要一些國家的規定基本一致的”，不會損害企業的知識產權。
Chinese officials have consistently rebuffed such criticism, arguing that the country faces a clear and present terrorist threat, especially in the northwestern region of Xinjiang. They allege that some members of the region’s large community of Muslim Uighurs, inspired by groups such as the Taliban and Isis, have waged a violent “separatist” campaign in pursuit of an independent homeland.
中國官員一直拒絕此類批評，辯稱中國面臨明確和現實的恐怖主義威脅，尤其是在西北的新疆地區。他們聲稱，新疆龐大的維吾爾族穆斯林人羣的某些成員受塔利班和“伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國”(ISIS)影響，發動暴力的“分裂”運動，目的是追求疆獨。
Some of these attacks have occurred well beyond Xinjiang, including one in the centre of Beijing two years ago. On Saturday, China’s foreign ministry said it would expel a French journalist who recently wrote an article critical of Beijing’s comparison of Uighur attacks on Chinese civilians to the massacres recently perpetrated by Isis or Isis sympathisers in Paris and California.
其中一些恐怖攻擊發生在距離新疆很遠的地方，包括兩年前在北京市中心發生的一起恐襲。上週六，中國外交部宣佈驅逐一名法國記者，後者最近寫了一篇文章，批評北京方面把維吾爾人攻擊漢族平民的行爲與ISIS或ISIS同情者最近在巴黎和加州犯下的血腥暴行相提並論。
On Thursday, western embassies said they had received intelligence about “possible threats” against foreigners in one of Beijing’s main shopping areas, although they did not specify the nature of the threats. After the alert, “snow leopard” commandos and members of other elite Chinese military units maintained a visible presence in both the San Li Tun shopping district and nearby embassy areas throughout the weekend.
上週四，西方各國使館表示，他們接到了關於外國人在北京的一個主要購物區面臨“可能威脅”的情報，儘管他們沒有說明這些威脅的性質。警報拉響後，“雪豹”突擊隊和中國其它精銳部隊的小分隊整個週末在三里屯商圈和附近的使館區高調執勤。
The antiterrorism law is the latest in a series of security-related bills working their way through China’s parliament.
《反恐法》是中國立法機構近來審議的一系列安全法案中最新的一部。
In July, the National People’s Congress passed a sweeping new national security law that mandated the country’s internet infrastructure be “secure and controllable”.
今年7月，全國人大通過了包羅萬象的新版《國家安全法》，該法要求使中國互聯網基礎設施“安全可控”。
Chinese legislators are also considering a new law regulating the activities of domestic and foreign non-governmental organisations, which many critics see as part of a larger crackdown.
中國的立法者還正在考慮一部規範國內外非政府組織(NGO)活動的新法，很多批評人士視其爲全面打壓的一部分。
Police in southern Guangdong province recently detained Zeng Feiyang, the head of a worker rights group, alleging that his organisation had accepted overseas funding and “disturbed public order” by advising workers engaged in industrial disputes. While it is not currently illegal for Chinese NGOs to accept overseas funding, the new law could give police power to restrict such funding in future.
在南方的廣東省，警方最近拘留了一個勞工維權團體的負責人曾飛揚，聲稱他的組織接受了境外資金，並通過向陷入勞資糾紛的工人提供諮詢，構成“擾亂公共秩序”。儘管目前中國非政府組織接受境外資助並不違法，但新法可能授予警方限制此類資金的權力。
China’s banking regulator and industries ministry had previously issued regulations that contained provisions similar to those in the draft Counter Terrorism Law. The regulations would have imposed similar requirements on companies that sell computers, networking equipment and ATMs to Chinese financial institutions, but implementation of the rules was postponed after protests from foreign business lobbies.
中國銀行業監管機構和工信部此前發佈了類似於反恐法草案規定的法規。這些法規本來要對向中國金融機構銷售電腦、網絡設備和自動取款機的企業實行類似的要求，但在外國商業遊說團體提出抗議後暫緩實施。
Chinese bank executives also said privately that the regulations could prevent them from buying the best information technology equipment available, potentially threatening the stability of their networks.
中國的銀行業高管私下表示，相關法規可能使他們買不到市場上最好的信息技術設備，可能威脅他們所用網絡的穩定性。IEC 61938 (formerly IEC268- 15) calls for an intermediate-impedance source of 120 ohms and a source voltage of 5 V rms, which provide reasonably satisfactory performance (sound level, frequency response, distortion) with headphones of any impedance over the range of 8 to 600 ohms at least.
