希拉里的勝利會危及男性嗎大綱

WHEN a woman breaks a glass ceiling and becomes the presidential nominee of a major political party, what should men think?

當有一名女性打破玻璃天花板成爲主要政黨的總統提名人時，男性應當作何感想？

Should men applaud that another barrier has fallen so that our world is more fair and equitable? Or should we fret that when women win, we lose — that soon we’ll have to give up grunting and football games for putting down toilet seats and talking about our “feelings”?

男人們是應該歡呼，又一道藩籬倒下了，我們的世界變得更爲公平公正了？還是應該感到煩惱，女人贏則意味着我們輸——眨眼間我們就得放棄不屑一顧的態度和橄欖球，換成放下馬桶坐墊、大談自身的“感受”？

The Democratic National Convention this past week was one long celebration of XX chromosomes and the emancipation of women. A spine-tingling moment came when 102-year-old Geraldine “Jerry” Emmett, born before women could vote in federal elections, announced Arizona’s votes for Hillary Clinton — and then cried.

過去這一週的民主黨全國大會(Democratic National Convention)，是對XX染色體及婦女解放的悠長慶祝。一個讓人激動到全身戰慄的時刻是，102歲的傑拉爾丁·“傑裏”·埃米特(Geraldine “Jerry” Emmett)宣佈亞利桑那州投給希拉里·克林頓(Hillary Clinton)的票數——繼而流下了眼淚。她出生的時候，女性尚不能在聯邦選舉中投票。

Yet Democratic strategists also worry, rightly I think, that the giddy enthusiasm for gender progress may turn off men. Already, Donald Trump has a huge lead among white men with no college degree, and that’s the reason the overall polls are close.

不過，民主黨策略師也擔心，這種對性別進步的歡欣鼓舞或許會讓男性倒了胃口。我認爲這一擔心不無道理。唐納德·特朗普(Donald Trump)已然在沒有本科學位的白人男性當中取得大幅領先。正是由於這個原因，兩人在民調中的整體支持率不相上下。

So let me try to make the case that when women win, we men win, too.

因此，請允許我證明，當女性贏的時候，我們男性也會贏。

Put aside your feelings about Hillary Clinton: I understand that many Americans distrust her and would welcome a woman in the White House if it were someone else. But whatever one thinks of Clinton, her nomination is a milestone, and a lesson of history is that when women advance, humanity advances.

先按下大家對希拉里·克林頓的情緒不表：我明白有不少美國民衆不信任她，假如換個女性候選人就會很樂意讓女人入主白宮。不過，不管對克林頓怎麼看，她獲得提名都是一座里程碑，一堂“女性進步便意味着人類進步”的歷史課。

Grant Miller of Stanford University found that when states, one by one, gave women the right to vote at the local level in the 19th and early 20th centuries, politicians scrambled to find favor with female voters and allocated more funds to public health and child health. The upshot was that child mortality rates dropped sharply and 20,000 children’s lives were saved each year.

斯坦福大學(Stanford University)的格蘭特·米勒(Grant Miller)發現，各州在19世紀到20世紀初相繼給予女性在地方層面的投票權時，政壇人士爭相討好女性選民，將更多的資金分配到公共衛生與兒童健康領域。結果，嬰幼兒死亡率大幅下降，每年有兩萬名孩子的生命得到拯救。

Many of those whose lives were saved were boys. Today, some are still alive, elderly men perhaps disgruntled by the cavalcade of women at the podium in Philadelphia. But they should remember that when women gained power at the voting booth, they used it to benefit boys as well as girls.

活下來的兒童裏面，有許多是男孩。時至今日，其中一些人仍然健在，變成了或許會對費城講臺上絡繹不絕的女性演講者心生不悅的老頭。不過，他們應該記住，當女性通過投票站獲得權力時，她們使用了這種權力來同時惠及男女。

Another area where the shattering of glass ceilings by women seems to have benefited everyone is policing. Amalia Miller of the University of Virginia has found that in police departments that added more female officers, women in the area were more likely to report domestic violence, which prevented escalation.

女性打破玻璃天花板似乎讓所有人收益的，還有另一個領域：警察部門。弗吉尼亞大學(University of Virginia)的阿馬利婭·米勒(Amalia Miller)研究發現，在增添女警員人數的警局裏，當地女性舉報家庭暴力的機率增加，從而防止了暴力升級。

A result was fewer domestic violence killings in those cities, particularly of men (often men who had battered their wives or girlfriends). Thus the forward-thinking decision to add female police officers ended up saving the lives of backward-thinking men who beat women.

結果是，這些城市裏源於家暴的死亡人數下降了，尤其是男性（往往是生前毆打妻子或女友的男性）。也就是說，增加女警員這個有先見之明的決定，到頭來拯救了毆打婦女的後進男性的生命。

Esther Duflo, an economist at M.I.T., tells me that discrimination seems to harm not only the direct victims, but all of society. Research suggests that’s partly because the groups that make the best decisions are not those with the highest-I.Q. members, but rather those that are more diverse in gender and in other ways. In one study of 12-member teams of students running businesses, teams that were all male or all female didn’t perform as well as those that were more evenly divided. The optimal mix was 55 percent female.

麻省理工學院(MIT)的經濟學者埃斯特·迪弗洛(Esther Duflo)告訴我，歧視傷及的似乎不僅是直接受害者，而是全社會。研究顯示，其中的部分原因在於，做出最佳決策的並非成員智商最高的羣體，而是在性別等維度上更爲多元的羣體。一項研究針對的是12人的學生團隊做生意的情況，結果發現，全男性或全女性陣容的表現均不及更爲均衡的團隊。最佳配比是總人數的55%爲女性。

Women may improve decision-making partly because they rein in a male penchant for overconfidence and risk-taking. One study found that men trade stocks 45 percent more than women do, actually reducing their returns by 2.7 percentage points per year.

女性也許能改善決策的一部分原因是，她們會收斂男性對過分自信與冒險的偏好。一項研究發現，男性買賣股票的頻率高出女性45%，實際上卻讓他們的收益每年減少了2.7個百分點。

Other researchers found that the testosterone level in the saliva of male financial traders predicted profits earned that day, because risk-taking often earns more profits. But when things go bad, the result is a spectacular crash. I’ve noted that Lehman Brothers might have been better off with more female executives, but the optimal arrangement wouldn’t have been Lehman Sisters but rather Lehman Brothers and Sisters.

其他一些研究人員發現，男性金融交易員唾液中的睾丸酮水平預示了當天的盈利情況，因爲冒險通常會帶來更多的利潤。但當形勢惡化時，結果慘不忍睹。我說過，如果女性高管再多一些，雷曼兄弟(Lehman Brothers)的情況可能會更好一些，不過最理想的安排不是雷曼姐妹，而是雷曼兄弟姐妹。

Higher education is another area where women have made huge inroads, despite early hostility from men.

高等教育是女性取得進展的另一個領域，儘管早期受到了男性的敵視。

“What is all this nonsense about admitting women to Princeton?” asked one Princeton alumnus in 1968. “A good old-fashioned whorehouse would be considerably more efficient, and much, much cheaper.” A forthcoming book on coeducation, “Keep the Damned Women Out,” by Nancy Weiss Malkiel, notes that the first female undergraduates at Princeton were derided as “critters.”

“所有這些關於普林斯頓招收女生的胡話是什麼意思？”普林斯頓的一名男性校友在1968年問道。“一個不錯的老式妓院會有效得多，也會便宜得多得多。”南希·韋斯·馬爾基爾(Nancy Weiss Malkiel)即將出版的有關男女同校教育的著作《讓該死的女人走開》(Keep the Damned Women Out)指出，普林斯頓的第一批本科女生被嘲笑爲“怪物”。

Yet empowering women as students and scholars elevated American higher education in ways that benefited almost everyone, and the women quickly proved that they were far from airheads: In 1975, just the third year Princeton officially graduated women, its No. 1 and No. 2 graduates were both female.

但賦予女性成爲學生和學者的權利這種做法，提升了美國的高等教育，惠及幾乎所有人。那些女性很快便證明，她們並不是笨蛋：1975年，也就是普林斯頓正式有女生畢業的第三年，該校畢業生中的第一名和第二名均爲女生。

Scholars have also found that female-owned businesses (and companies abroad with more women on the boards) were less likely than male-owned businesses to lay off employees during the Great Recession. This hurt short-term profits but may have been worth it to sustain morale and retain talent. Some male chauvinists may have grumbled about female bosses, but those bosses may have been the reason they kept their jobs.

一些學者也發現，在大蕭條期間，老闆是女性的企業（以及董事會中女性成員更多的外國公司）裁員的可能性低於老闆是男性的企業。這種做法會損害短期利潤，但從保持士氣和留住人才方面來說，可能是值得的。一些男性沙文主義者可能會抱怨女老闆，但或許正是因爲這些女老闆，他們才得以保住飯碗。

So to those men who worry about being hurt by the shards from one more shattered glass ceiling, I’d say: Not only is this inevitable, not only is it a matter of fairness, but the evidence is also overwhelming that when women gain power and a seat at the table, we men benefit as well. So let’s relax and join the celebration.

因此，對那些擔心被另一塊打破的玻璃天花板的碎片傷到的男同胞，我想說的是：這不僅不可避免，不僅是個公道問題，而且有力的證據表明，當女性獲得權力，擁有一席之地時，我們男性也會受益。所以說，大家放輕鬆，一起慶祝吧。

In June, I wrote about an incredible young Afghan woman, Sultana, who lived in the Taliban heartland but secretly taught herself English, science and advanced math — and then was denied a visa to study in the U.S. I’m thrilled to report that Sultana finally obtained a visa and has just arrived in America.

今年6月，我寫過一篇文章，是關於一個令人難以置信的阿富汗年輕女性的。她叫蘇丹娜(Sultana)，生活在阿富汗腹地，但卻偷偷自學英語、科學和高等數學，不過在申請來美國留學時被拒簽了。現在，我高興地告訴大家，蘇丹娜最終拿到了簽證，並且剛剛抵達美國。