唐納德特朗普的危險外交理念大綱
Donald Trump loves to say that he will “make America great again”. But Mr Trump’s foreign policy ideas actually amount to a headlong American retreat from “greatness” on the world stage.
唐納德•特朗普(Donald Trump)總愛說，他將“讓美國再次變得偉大”。但特朗普的外交政策理念實際上等同於讓美國倉促退出世界舞臺上的“偉大國家”行列。
The all-but-anointed Republican candidate for the US presidency essentially wants America to resign from the role of global policeman. Any such decision would have profound implications. The world’s security system is based around a series of American “red lines” and alliances. But if the US starts pulling back from its international role, other powers, in particular China and Russia, will move to fill the vacuum.
幾乎鎖定共和黨總統候選人提名的特朗普，實質上希望美國不再擔任“世界警察”角色。任何此類決策都將產生深遠影響。全球安全體系是圍繞美國劃出的一系列“紅線”和打造的聯盟建立起來的。但如果美國開始收縮其國際角色，其他大國——特別是中國與俄羅斯——將去填補真空。
Mr Trump’s promised America-first trade protectionism could trigger a worldwide recession and undermine the globalised trading system that gives countries an incentive to co-operate rather than compete.
特朗普承諾的“美國第一”的貿易保護主義可能引發全球性的經濟衰退，破壞全球化的貿易體系，而正是這一體系激勵着各國進行合作，而非對抗。
To understand the full implications of Trumpism unleashed, look at three crucial regions — Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It is also important to understand how Mr Trump’s dealmaking approach to diplomacy would create dangerous international uncertainty.
要理解“特朗普主義”(Trumpism)造成的全面影響，可以看看三個關鍵地區——亞洲、歐洲和中東。同樣重要的是要明白，特朗普在外交上的“做交易”策略將在國際上製造危險的不確定性。
In Asia, Mr Trump would stand US policy on its head. America’s approach to the rise of China has been based on economic openness, combined with security alliances designed to balance growing Chinese power. Mr Trump wants to reverse these priorities. He has talked about imposing swinging tariffs on Chinese goods. But he has also sounded very sceptical about America’s two most important treaty alliances in East Asia, with Japan and South Korea.
在亞洲，特朗普將徹底顛覆美國的現行政策。美國應對中國崛起的方式一直是以經濟開放爲基礎，再加上旨在制衡中國實力增長的安全同盟。特朗普希望取消這些優先事項。他談到要對中國商品徵收各種關稅。但他同時聽上去也對美國在東亞的兩個最重要的條約同盟——美日同盟與美韓同盟——持非常懷疑的態度。
Mr Trump’s priorities probably sound like common sense to many US voters, who regard it as much more important to safeguard American jobs from Chinese competition than to protect Japan and South Korea from potential attack. In reality, Mr Trump’s promised diplomatic revolution in Asia would have malign consequences that would swiftly be felt back home. A Trump-inspired trade war would be seen as a threat to the prosperity and stability of China. If this were combined with a weakening of US security guarantees to its Asian allies, China could well respond aggressively. The tense shadowboxing in the East and South China seas between China, the US and Japan could escalate into something much more serious.
特朗普提出的優先事項對許多美國選民來說聽起來或許很合理，他們認爲，保護美國的就業機會免受中國的競爭，比保護日、韓兩國免遭潛在攻擊重要得多。實際上，特朗普承諾在亞洲進行的外交革命將造成有害後果，而且這些後果將迅速波及美國國內。特朗普引發的貿易戰將被視爲對中國繁榮穩定的一大威脅。如果再加上美國對亞洲盟友安全保障的弱化，中國極有可能予以強硬的回擊。中國、美國以及日本圍繞東中國海、南中國海的緊張博弈可能升級至嚴重得多的地步。
The implications of Mr Trump’s pronouncements on Europe are no less profound. They threaten to gravely weaken the western alliance that has guaranteed security in Europe since the end of the second world war. For decades, US policy to Europe has been based on the twin pillars of Nato and the EU. But Mr Trump has abandoned America’s traditional support for European integration, suggesting that it would be a good idea if Britain voted to leave the EU. Mr Trump’s scepticism about alliance commitments extends to Nato, which he sees as a bad deal for America. Combine that with his admiration for Vladimir Putin and you have a formula for a radically different US approach in the region. Mr Trump could take America back to the isolationism of the 1930s, when the US was reluctant to countenance security commitments in Europe.
特朗普對歐洲的表態同樣影響深遠。它們可能嚴重削弱自二戰結束以來一直保障歐洲安全的西方同盟。幾十年來，美國對歐洲的政策一直建立在兩大支柱——北約(Nato)與歐盟(EU)——之上。但特朗普已丟棄美國對歐洲一體化的傳統支持，他暗示，如果英國投票決定退出歐盟會是個好主意。特朗普對聯盟承諾的質疑還延伸到了北約身上，他將後者視爲對美國不划算的一項協議。再加上特朗普對弗拉基米爾•普京(Vladimir Putin)的讚賞，這意味着美國在這一地區與以往截然不同的政策。特朗普可能會把美國帶回至上世紀30年代的孤立主義時期，那時的美國不願意支持在歐洲的安全承諾。
The structural damage that Mr Trump would do to the western alliance would be compounded by the harm that he would inflict on America’s image in Europe. Mr Trump has already engaged in an intermittent public row with Sadiq Khan, the new mayor of London, who is a Muslim. If the Republicans were genuinely to attempt to ban Muslims from entering the US, even temporarily, that would create a huge diplomatic issue with countries such as the UK and France, which could not accept such frank discrimination against millions of their citizens.
特朗普對美國在歐洲的形象的破壞將進一步加劇他對西方同盟造成的結構性破壞。特朗普已經開始了與倫敦新任穆斯林市長薩迪克•汗(Sadiq Khan)斷斷續續的公開爭吵。如果共和黨真的試圖禁止穆斯林進入美國（即便是暫時），這將在美國與英法等國之間製造巨大的外交問題，這些國家無法接受對數以百萬計的本國公民如此不加掩飾的歧視。
The “Muslim ban” would obviously go down even worse in the Middle East, where Trumpism would promise a further deterioration in US regional power. Many of America’s Middle Eastern allies regard Barack Obama, the US president, as feckless and unreliable — and some may hope that Mr Trump would be an improvement. But they would be disappointed. Mr Trump’s scepticism about US alliance commitments, combined with wild promises to grab Middle Eastern oil, are not a formula for the restoration of American regional leadership.
顯然，“穆斯林禁令”在中東將受到更嚴重的抵制，特朗普主義勢將使美國的地區影響力進一步削弱。美國在中東的許多盟友認爲，巴拉克•奧巴馬(Barack Obama)總統軟弱、靠不住——有些國家或許希望特朗普將有所改觀。但現實會令他們失望。特朗普對美國作出的同盟承諾的質疑，以及攫取中東石油的厥詞，不可能幫助美國恢復地區領導力。
Of course it is hard to know how much of what Mr Trump says he actually means and how much is campaign rhetoric or random musing. But that, in itself, points to another big problem with his approach to the world.
當然，我們很難知道，特朗普所言有多少是自己的真實想法，有多少是競選口號或者即興想法。但這本身就指向了他對待世界的方式的另一個大問題。
Traditionally, American leaders have made a fetish of US “credibility” in international affairs. They believe that global security can only be guaranteed if potential adversaries believe that America’s military commitments are utterly reliable. That is why Mr Obama’s failure to enforce his red line against Syria’s use of chemical weapons in 2013 was felt to be such a big deal.
傳統上，美國領導人最爲珍視的是美國在國際事務中的“可信性”。他們認爲，只有潛在敵手相信美國的軍事承諾是絕對可靠的，全球安全才能得到保障。這就是爲什麼2013年敘利亞使用化學武器時，奧巴馬未能嚴格守住紅線、對其採取措施被認爲如此事關重大。
Mr Trump, however, has made it clear that he wants America to become more unpredictable. In his writings on business, he has extolled the virtues of making extravagant demands or promises as an opening bid, before eventually finding a compromise. This approach might work well in real estate. But it is potentially a formula for disaster in international politics, where America’s friends and foes should believe that the US says what it means, and means what it says. Anything else could prompt dangerous miscalculations by US rivals, leading to uncertainty, instability — and, ultimately, war.
然而，特朗普明確表示，他希望美國變得更加難以捉摸。在其商業論述中，特朗普對一種做法洋洋得意，就是在最初開價時提出過分要求或做出過度承諾，然後達成最終的妥協。這種策略或許在房地產領域很有效，但在國際政治中可能招致災難，在國際事務中，美國應該讓自己的朋友和敵人相信，美國說話算話。否則可能促使美國的敵手做出危險的誤判，導致不確定性和不穩定，甚至最終導致戰爭。
