世界上十大最毒的毒蛇(下)
k Mamba
5.黑曼巴蛇The feared Black Mamba is found throughout many parts of the African continent. They are known to be highly aggressive, and strike with deadly precision. They are also the fastest land snake in the world, capable of reaching speeds of up to 20km/h. These fearsome snakes can strike up to 12 times in a row. A single bite is capable of killing anywhere from 10-25 adults. The venom is a fast acting neurotoxin. Its bite delivers about 100–120 mg of venom, on average; however, it can deliver up to 400 mg. If the venom reaches a vein, 0.25 mg/kg is sufficient to kill a human in 50% of cases. The initial symptom of the bite is local pain in the bite area, although not as severe as snakes with hemotoxins. The victim then experiences a tingling sensation in the mouth and extremities, double vision, tunnel vision, severe confusion, fever, excessive salivation (including foaming of the mouth and nose) and pronounced ataxia (lack of muscle control). If the victim does not receive medical attention, symptoms rapidly progress to severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, pallor, shock, nephrotoxicity, cardio toxicity and paralysis. Eventually, the victim experiences convulsions, respiratory arrest, coma and then death. Without antivenin, the mortality rate is nearly 100%, among the highest of all venomous snakes. Depending on the nature of the bite, death can result at any time between 15 minutes and 3 hours.
恐怖的黑曼巴蛇分佈在非洲大陸的許多地方。它們因攻擊性強和致命精準的攻擊而著名。它們也是世界上移動速度最快的陸地蛇，能夠達到20千米/小時。這些可怕的蛇可以連續發起12次攻擊。黑曼巴蛇每口分泌的毒液可以殺死10到25任何數量的成年人。黑曼巴蛇分泌的毒液是一種快速的神經毒素。它每口平均分泌約100 ～ 120毫克的毒液；然而，它每口最多可以分泌400毫克毒液。如果毒素達到靜脈，在50%的情況下，0.25毫克/千克足以殺死一個人。被咬傷最初症狀是局部疼痛，儘管沒有與含有血毒素的蛇咬傷那麼劇烈。然後中毒者會出現嘴和四肢發麻、複視、管狀視、嚴重神經錯亂、發燒、過度流涎症（包括嘴和鼻子起泡）和明顯的共濟失調（因肌肉停止運作而發生）。如果中毒者沒有得到醫療治療，那麼症狀會迅速發展爲嚴重腹痛、噁心、嘔吐、蒼白、休克、腎毒性、心臟毒性和癱瘓。最終，中毒者會出現抽搐、呼吸停止，昏迷然後死亡。沒有抗蛇毒血清，由黑曼巴蛇造成的死亡率幾乎達到100%，是所有毒蛇中死亡率最高的。根據被咬的傷的性質，在15分鐘和3個小時之間死亡隨時會發生。
an
4.太攀蛇
Another entry from Australia, the venom in a Taipan is strong enough to kill up to 12,000 guinea pigs. The venom clots the victim's blood, blocking arteries or veins. It is also highly neurotoxic. Before the advent of an antivenin, there are no known survivors of a Taipan bite, and death typically occurs within an hour. Even with successful administration of antivenin, most victims will have an extensive stay in intensive care. It has been likened to the African Black Mamba in morphology, ecology and behavior.
另一種來自澳大利亞的蛇太攀蛇，它的毒液足以殺死12000只豚鼠。毒液凝結中毒者的血液，從而阻塞動脈或靜脈。這種毒液也是高度神經毒素。抗蛇毒血清發明之前，還沒有從太攀蛇咬傷下已知的倖存者，死亡通常發生在咬傷後一個小時內。即使成功注射抗蛇毒血清，大多數中毒者將會待在重症監護室很長一段時間。太攀蛇在形態學、生態學和行爲上與非洲黑曼巴相似。Krait
3.藍色金環蛇
The Malayan or Blue Krait is, by far, the most deadly of this species. Found throughout South East Asia and Indonesia, 50% of bites from the deadly Blue Krait are fatal, even with the administration of antivenin. Kraits hunt and kill other snakes, even cannibalizing other Kraits. They are a nocturnal breed, and are more aggressive under the cover of darkness. However, overall they are quite timid and will often attempt to hide rather than fight. The venom is a neurotoxin, 16 times more potent than that of a Cobra. It quickly induces muscle paralysis by preventing the ability of nerve endings to properly release the chemical that sends the message to the next nerve. This is followed by a period of massive over excitation (cramps, tremors, spasms), which finally tails off to paralysis. Fortunately, bites from Kraits are rare due to their nocturnal nature. Before the development of antivenin, the fatality rate was a whopping 85%. Even if antivenin is administered in time, you are far from assured survival. Death usually occurs within 6-12 hours of a Krait bite. Even if patients make it to a hospital, permanent coma and even brain death from hypoxia may occur, given potentially long transport times to get medical care.
到目前爲止，馬來環蛇或藍色金環蛇是環蛇屬中最致命的種類。藍色金環蛇分佈在整個東南亞和印尼，被致命的藍色金環蛇咬傷，即使注射了抗蛇毒血清，仍有50%的人可能會死亡。藍色金環蛇獵殺其他蛇類，甚至會吃掉其他種類的金環蛇。他們是夜行性動物，在夜幕的掩護下會更加活躍。然而，總體來說他們很膽小，常常會試圖躲藏，而不是戰鬥。藍色金環蛇分泌的毒液是一種神經毒素，比眼鏡蛇毒液的16倍更毒。毒液通過阻止神經末梢妥善釋放將消息傳送到下一個神經的化學物質，從而迅速導致肌肉癱瘓。緊隨其後的是一段時間的過度興奮（抽筋、顫抖、痙攣），最終逐漸癱瘓。幸運的是，由於他們在夜間活動的習性，所以被金環蛇咬傷十分罕見。在抗蛇毒血清未被髮明之前，由金環蛇造成的死亡率高達85%。即使及時注射了抗蛇毒血清，也不能確保你的安全。中毒者通常在被金環蛇咬傷後6 ～ 12小時內死亡。即使病人被送去醫院，也可能會出現永久性昏迷，甚至可能出現大腦因缺氧死亡，因爲要通過長時間的運輸才能得到醫療護理。ern Brown Snake
2.東部棕蛇
Don't let the innocuous name of this snake fool you, 1/14,000 of an ounce of its venom is enough to kill an adult human. Coming in a variety of species, the Eastern Brown snake is the most venomous. Unfortunately, its preferred habitat is also along the major population centers of Australia. The Brown snake is fast moving, can be aggressive under certain circumstances and has been known to chase aggressors and repeatedly strike at them. Even juveniles can kill a human. The venom contains both neurotoxins and blood coagulants. Fortunately for humans, less than half of bites contain venom and they prefer not to bite if at all possible. They react only to movement, so stand very still if you ever encounter one in the wild.
你不要被這種蛇無害的名字所欺騙，它毒液的1/14000盎司足以殺死一個成年人。在各種各樣的種類中，東部棕蛇是最毒的。不幸的是，它的首選棲息地也在澳大利亞的主要人口中心。東部棕蛇行動迅速，在某些情況下它會變得十分活躍。衆所周知，金環蛇善於追逐侵略者並對其發出反覆攻擊。甚至幼蛇也可以殺死一個人。東部棕蛇分泌的毒液含有神經毒素和血液凝結劑。對人們來說幸運的是，不到一半的咬傷含有毒液，因爲如果可能的話他們並不願意傷人。當它們遇到人時，他們的唯一反應是逃走，所以如果你在野外遇到一條東部棕蛇，你最好站着不動。ce Snake or Inland Taipan
1.內陸太攀蛇
While I did say that I would not include multiple sub-species in this list, the incredible Inland Taipan deserves a spot of its own. It has the most toxic venom of any land snake in the world. The maximum yield recorded for one bite is 110mg, enough to kill about 100 humans, or 250,000 mice! With an LD/50 of 0.03mg/kg, it is 10 times as venomous as the Mojave Rattlesnake, and 50 times more than the common Cobra. Fortunately, the Inland Taipan is not particularly aggressive and is rarely encountered by humans in the wild. No fatalities have ever been recorded, though it could potentially kill an adult human within 45 minutes.
當我說，我不會在這個排行榜中包括多個亞種時，令人難以置信的是，內陸太攀蛇卻擁有一席之地。內陸太攀蛇擁有世界上任何陸地蛇中最毒的毒液。每口分泌毒液最高記錄是110毫克，足以殺死約100人，或250000只老鼠！ 0.03毫克/千克含有LD / 50，是莫哈維響尾蛇毒性的10倍，是常見眼鏡蛇毒性的50倍以上。幸運的是，內陸太攀蛇並不是特別活躍，所以人類在野外很少遇到。由內陸太攀蛇造成的死亡率沒有被記錄過，儘管它極可能會在45分鐘內殺死一個成年人。
