昂山素季抨擊緬甸政府僞民主

Aung San Suu Kyi insists she can still lead Myanmar despite her fears that the transition from dictatorship has become a “parody of democracy” ahead of elections due this year.

儘管昂山素季(Aung San Suu Kyi)擔心緬甸擺脫獨裁的轉型已演變爲今年大選前的一場“民主滑稽戲”，但她依然堅稱自己能夠成爲這個國家的領導人。

The opposition leader vowed to campaign to curb the former ruling generals’ power and scrap a law that would stop her becoming president once polls billed as a decisive break from more than half a century of military control take place.

這位反對黨領袖承諾將致力於限制以前執政的將軍們的權力，並廢除一項一旦大選開始將阻礙她成爲緬甸總統的法律。此次的大選被宣揚爲代表着緬甸徹底告別多半個世紀來的軍事統治。

While the Nobel Peace laureate also sounded more conciliatory notes, her comments underscore the daunting constitutional and power-sharing issues in the politically complex and conflict-ridden country.

儘管這位諾貝爾獎(Nobel Peace)得主的話語中也包含一些和解色彩較強的論調，但她的言論突顯出，這個政治形勢複雜且衝突不斷的國家正面臨嚴峻的憲法和權力分享問題。

“It is dangerous particularly because it’s not a real democracy,” she said in an interview in her offices in the vast parliamentary complex in Naypyidaw, the generals’ purpose-built, eerily empty capital city. “But there are many who would like to believe or . . . to pretend that it’s a real democracy.”

“這很危險，主要是因爲它並非真正的民主，”她在緬甸首都內比都巨大的議會大樓的辦公室裏接受採訪時表示，“但很多人願意相信或……假裝相信它是真正的民主。”這個空曠得有些可怕的首都是緬甸的將軍們專門打造的。

Ms Suu Kyi said she had not given up on being president, even though many doubt she can overturn a constitutional provision that bars her selection by a post-election parliament because her children are not Myanmar nationals. She said constitutional reform was a “live issue” in parliament, on both this provision and another that guarantees the military a quarter of seats in the legislature and, in effect, a veto on constitutional reform.

昂山素季表示，儘管很多人認爲她無力推翻一項禁止大選後的議會選她爲總統的憲法條款（她因自己的子女並非緬甸籍而無資格出任總統），但她並沒有放棄當總統的想法。她表示，針對這項條款以及一項保證軍方在議會獲得四分之一席位的條款進行憲法改革是議會面臨的一個“緊迫問題”，後一項條款實際上使得軍方擁有了對憲法改革的否決權。

“I am sure it will change, but when I cannot say,” Ms Suu Kyi, who will turn 70 this year, said of the legal block on her candidacy. “But this kind of clause cannot exist forever.”

“我敢肯定這點會發生改變，但我不清楚何時會發生，”今年將年滿70歲的昂山素季在談到她總統候選人資格面臨的法律障礙時表示，“不過，這類條款不可能永遠存在下去。”

Myanmar is still struggling with how to govern itself 130 years after the ousting of King Thibaw by the British in 1885 gave way to long periods of imperial rule or military dictatorship. While Ms Suu Kyi’s battle with the generals for political rights during the past quarter of a century — including more than 15 years under house arrest — is part of the story, the country is also grappling with how to accommodate myriad ethnic groups that have been in conflict with the government for decades and fear the hegemony of the majority Bamar.

1885年，英國人罷黜了緬甸國王錫袍(King Thibaw)，緬甸由此進入了漫長的帝國主義統治或軍事獨裁統治時期。130年後的今天，緬甸仍在努力解決如何治理本國的問題。儘管過去25年裏昂山素季爲爭取政治權利而與將軍們展開鬥爭（包括遭受超過15年的軟禁）是這個故事的一部分，但緬甸還在努力解決如何讓國內衆多民族融洽相處的問題。幾十年來，緬甸的少數民族一直與政府衝突不斷，擔心占人口多數的緬族稱霸。

Ms Suu Kyi said plans of President Thein Sein, a former general, and his almost four-year-old quasi-civilian government for broad-ranging talks with various interest groups were an effort to sabotage the transition by making it chaotic. The government says its proposal is more democratic than the “top-down” approach of negotiations among a few senior political leaders favoured by Ms Suu Kyi.

昂山素季表示，前將軍、緬甸現任總統登盛(Thein Sein)及其成立近4年的準文職政府與各利益集團展開廣泛談判的計劃，對轉型起到了破壞作用，讓形勢變得混亂不堪。緬甸政府表示，與昂山素季青睞的“自上而下”戰略（即幾名高級政治領導人之間展開談判）相比，這一計劃要更民主。

Ye Htut, information minister, criticised Ms Suu Kyi’s stance, saying she sometimes talked “too bluntly” about the military. “This kind of speech works in the western political culture but in the Myanmar political culture it will not bring the results she wants,” he said.

緬甸信息部長耶圖(Ye Htut)批評昂山素季的立場稱，她有時在討論軍方時言語“過於直率”。他表示：“在西方的政治文化中，這種演講行得通，但在緬甸的政治文化中，這不會給她帶來她想要的結果。”

While Ms Suu Kyi was combative at times, she also sought to reassure the military-centred elite that any future government she led would not punish them for past wrongdoings. “We have to move on because I don’t think we can tie ourselves to the past forever,” she said. “The past is there for us to learn from, not for us to be shackled by.”

昂山素季有時表現得好鬥，但另一方面她也試圖安撫以軍方爲核心的精英階層，稱將來她領導的政府不會因他們過去犯的錯而懲罰他們。“我們必須向前看，因爲我不認爲我們能夠永遠把自己與過去捆綁在一起，”她表示，“我們要從過去吸取教訓，而不是讓過去束縛我們。”

Ms Suu Kyi declined to go into detail on her National League for Democracy’s policies on the economy, foreign investment and resource-licensing, amid growing concerns over issues ranging from huge China-backed dam projects to the smuggling of drugs, gems and timber. She stressed instead the need first to cut corruption — starting within the government itself — and build the rule of law in a country where institutions have been hollowed by the military.

在一系列問題——從中國投資的大型水壩工程到毒品、寶石和木材走私等——引起越來越大擔憂之際，昂山素季拒絕詳細透露她領導的全國民主聯盟(National League for Democracy)的經濟、外商投資及資源牌照政策。相反，她強調，有必要先在這個各層機構已被軍方掏空的國家減少腐敗（從緬甸政府自身開始）並建立法治。

“This is not just an economic matter. It’s very much a political matter,” she said, referring partly to resource-sharing agreements with ethnic minorities.

她表示：“這不僅是一個經濟問題，而且在很大程度上是一個政治問題。”她在某種程度上指的是與少數民族的資源共享協議。

Ms Suu Kyi has faced a backlash from some over her presidential ambitions, although she denied she had faced more criticism since being elected to parliament in 2012.

昂山素季當總統的抱負面臨一些人的反對，儘管她否認自2012年經選舉進入議會以來自己遭遇了更多批評。

Some Suu Kyi sceptics who are beneficiaries of the status quo worry that she may seek to shake up the established order. Even some admirers say her dominance of the pro-democracy movement has stifled the emergence of alternative leaders and may have stymied earlier possibilities for the military to cede power.

一些得益於現有秩序、對她持懷疑態度的人擔心，她可能尋求動搖現有秩序。就連她的某些崇拜者也表示，她在親民主運動中的主導地位阻礙了其他領導人的出現，而且可能妨礙了之前軍方讓出權力的可能性。

“What surprises me is this remark that I was not criticised before,” she said. “I was criticised. There were many, many people, including in the west, who said I was not flexible enough, that I should be nicer to the military government — and that if I were more co-operative, they would be nicer to me.”

“讓我感到吃驚的是，有人說我以前沒受到過批評，”她說，“我受到過批評。很多很多人、包括西方人士都說過：我不夠靈活，我應該對軍政府更友好些，如果我表現得更爲合作，他們也會對我更友好。”