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爲何腰果不帶殼銷售?
Why Cashews Aren’t Sold In The Shell
爲何腰果不帶殼銷售
Part of the fun of eating almonds or pecans is cracking the shell and getting the nut. But, some nuts, like cashews, are almost always sold shelled and roasted. Why aren’t cashews sold in the shell?
吃杏仁和胡桃的部分樂趣來源於敲碎外殼後得到果仁。然而，有些堅果，比如腰果，通常會去殼烤熟銷售。爲什麼腰果會不帶殼銷售呢?
Cashews are in the same family as poison ivy and poison sumac. Like the others in this family, the cashew plant contains powerful chemical irritants, so handling and eating raw cashews will cause the familiar itchy skin reaction in people sensitive to the chemicals. People who are sensitive to one plant in the family, for example poison ivy, are likely to be sensitive to others.
腰果和毒葛與毒漆樹同屬一科。與同科其它植物相似，腰果樹含有強烈刺激性化學物質，所以處理和吃掉生腰果，會使那些對化學物質敏感的人皮膚產生瘙癢反應。對某一科某種植物過敏的人，比如對毒葛過敏，很有可能會對同科的其它植物也過敏。
Why don’t we get a reaction when we eat cashew nuts, then? The irritants are found in the shell oil, but not in the nuts themselves. Handling the shell or eating a nut with shell oil on it can cause the reaction.
那當我們吃腰果時爲什麼沒有反應呢?那是因爲刺激物質存在於外殼油脂中，而果仁中卻不含有。所以處理外殼或者吃帶有外殼油脂的腰果時，就會引起(瘙癢)反應。
This is why they’re sold shelled, but why are they roasted? Roasting at high temperature destroys the shell oil, so commercially sold nuts will not trigger a reaction. But, cashew nuts that are still in the shell or that are shelled and roasted at home at lower temperatures may be contaminated with the oil, so, shelling raw cashews is about as much fun as handling poison ivy.
這就是爲什麼腰果不帶殼售賣的原因，但是又爲什麼要烤熟呢?因爲高溫烘烤可以破壞果殼油脂，所以商業銷售的腰果仁不會造成反應。帶殼的或者在家中去殼並低溫烘烤後的腰果可能仍會受到果殼油脂的污染，所以給生腰果去殼和處理毒葛一樣有趣。
果蠅喜歡酒精
Fruit Flies Love Alcohol!
果蠅喜歡酒精!
When human females are pregnant, they’re advised to stay away from alcohol, for fear of harming the fetus. And most parents refrain from giving their infants bottles full of whiskey or beer, for obvious reasons.
當人類女性懷孕時，人們就會建議她們戒酒，以免傷害胎兒。大多數父母都不會給嬰兒接觸滿瓶的威士忌或者啤酒，原因是顯而易見的。
But if you’re a fruit fly, literally dousing your offspring in alcohol is apparently one of the best ways to protect them from danger, particularly from certain types of wasps.
但如果你是一隻果蠅，毫不誇張的說，你把後代浸沒在酒精中是保護它們遠離危險的最好辦法之一，特別是這樣能避免黃蜂的傷害。
How and why?
如何以及爲什麼要這樣做?
Let’s back up a bit. First, certain types of wasps prey on fruit flies by injecting eggs inside fruit fly larvae. Unless an infected larva kills the wasp egg, it hatches and the wasp larva eats its way out from inside the fruit fly larva, killing it.
讓我們來回顧一下。首先，特定類型的黃蜂會將卵注入果蠅幼蟲中，以捕食果蠅。除非受感染的果蠅幼蟲殺死黃蜂卵，否則當黃蜂卵孵化出來後，黃蜂幼蟲將會由內而外吞噬果蠅幼蟲，將其殺死。
One way for fruit fly moms to protect against this gruesome fate is to lay their eggs in an alcohol soaked environment, such as fermenting fruit, when they see that parasitic wasps are around. Although alcohol is toxic to fruit flies, it’s even more toxic to wasps, which, unlike fruit flies, have not evolved a high level of alcohol tolerance. So if the larvae eat enough alcohol rich food, it can kill the wasp egg and keep it from hatching.
果蠅媽媽爲防止幼蟲遭受厄運的其中一種辦法是，當看到寄生蜂的出現時，將卵產在酒精浸泡的環境之中，例如發酵的水果裏。儘管酒精對果蠅有毒，但酒精對黃蜂的毒性更大。與果蠅不同，黃蜂還沒有進化成對高濃度酒精的耐受性。所以如果果蠅幼蟲吃了足夠富含酒精的食物後，它就可以殺死黃蜂卵並使之不能孵化。
Protecting young
保護果蠅幼蟲
Apparently, fruit flies are not the only fly species to use alcohol to protect their young. In fact, it seems that most flies that eat rotting fruit use the alcohol defense against wasps. So fruit flies are not unique in this regard, but they’re still mighty impressive.
很明顯，果蠅並不是利用酒精來保護幼蟲的唯一的蠅類。實際上，大部分的蒼蠅都會食用腐爛水果，利用酒精來防禦黃蜂。所以果蠅在這方面並不獨特，但它們仍然令人印象深刻。
