金磚5國1000億美元自建開發銀行抗衡西方

Leaders of five big emerging nations plan to create a bank to fund development projects plus an emergency reserve to counter the powerful World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

五大新興國家的領導人計劃成立一家爲發展項目提供資金的銀行以及一隻應急儲備基金，以便抗衡強大的世界銀行（World Bank）和國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）。

The plan was announced Tuesday at the annual BRICS summit, an acronym taken from the name of the participating countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The idea is to create an alternative to the major international lending sources so as not to be so dependent on them for money and as a symbol of political strength.

週二的金磚國家（BRICS）峯會宣佈了這項計劃。BRICS這個詞由與會五國英文名稱的首字母組成——這五個國家是巴西、俄羅斯、印度、中國和南非。這個計劃的思路是建立一個可以替代主要國際貸款來源的金融機構，從而讓金磚國家在融資方面不那麼依賴這些貸款來源，同時彰顯金磚國家的政治實力。

The development bank – funded with $100 from the five member states – will be headquartered in Shanghai and, in its first phase, headed by an Indian president. Although China will be bank’s largest donor, each nation will own an equal share of the bank and have an equal say in governance and policy making. Another $100 billion will be allotted to an emergency reserve fund.

金磚五國將爲這家開發銀行提供1000億美元資金。這家銀行的總部將設在上海，由一名印度人擔任首任行長。雖然中國出資最多，但這五個國家在這家銀行中將持有相同的份額，在管理和決策方面有着同等的發言權。另外，這五個國家還將再出資1000億美元建立應急儲備基金。

BRICS countries account for 42% of the world’s population and represents $6.14 trillion in annual trade. They contribute roughly 20% of the world’s economy based on GDP.

金磚國家佔全球人口的42%，年貿易額爲6.14萬億美元。按GDP計算，它們約佔全球經濟的20%。

The BRICS summit took place against the backdrop of Russia’s annexation of Crimea, a Russia-China natural gas deal and the change of government in India. The proceedings were therefore of utmost importance to the U.S from a foreign policy standpoint.

本次金磚國家峯會召開之際，克里米亞已經加入俄羅斯，中國和俄羅斯簽署了天然氣協議，印度政府完成了換屆。因此，從外交政策角度而言，本次會議極爲重要。

“I think the big message to me coming out of the summit is BRICS are trying to create a safety net that means if the U.S. and Europe tried to isolate and sanction one of them they have something to fall back on,” said Thomas Wright, a fellow at the Brookings Institution who focuses on international relations. “The most worrying parts are that they didn’t say anything critical of Russia on Ukraine. Basically they sent out a message that they had no problem with anything with what Putin was doing.”

布魯金斯研究所（Brookings Institution）專攻國際關係的研究員托馬斯o賴特指出：“在我看來，本次峯會傳遞出的一條主要信息是，金磚國家正在設法編織一張安全網。這樣，一旦美國和歐洲打算孤立、制裁其中某個國家，它們依然可以有所依靠。最令人擔心的是，它們沒有就烏克蘭問題向俄羅斯發表任何關鍵性言論。基本上，這些國家流露出來的態度是，無論普京幹什麼，它們都沒意見。”

BRICS was established just prior to 2008 financial crisis with Brazil, Russia, India and China. Two years later, they welcomed South Africa to the club. The member nations vary in their economic health and, in some cases, are undergoing economic problems. But they’ve found a diplomatic and political rationale to exist that Wright described as being based on the idea that “not to have all roads go through the West.”

金磚國家在2008年全球金融危機爆發前夕由巴西、俄羅斯、印度和中國組建。兩年後，這個組織又吸收了南非。各成員國的經濟健康程度不同，在某些情況下都面臨着經濟問題。但它們在外交和政治層面找到了建立這個組織的依據——用賴特的話來說就是，它們的想法是，“不能什麼事都由西方說了算”。

While Russian President Vladimir Putin boldly expresses his views on BRICS—that he’ll press other emerging markets to find ways to prevent “sanction attacks” by the U.S.—other leaders are cautious about their response.

雖然俄羅斯總統普京大膽地表達了他對金磚國家的看法——他說自己將敦促其他新興國家設法阻止美國的“制裁攻擊”——但其他國家的領導人在迴應時都很謹慎。

“Together we should think about a system of measures that would help prevent the harassment of countries that do not agree with some foreign policy decisions made by the U.S. and their allies, but would promote a civilized dialogue on all points based on mutual respect,” Putin said in The Moscow Times.

普京在接受《莫斯科時報》（The Moscow Times）採訪時說：“我們應當共同制定一整套措施，用它來幫助那些不同意美國及其盟友的外交決策的國家，避免它們陷入困境。同時，這套措施也應當促進以相互尊重爲基礎的全面和平對話。”

In the past, the BRICS have struggled to reach a consensus. First they could not agree on a candidate to head the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank in 2011 and 2012. Then recently India and South Africa signaled they may backtrack on a trade agreement initially endorsed by all five countries. Many experts perceived it as a group too “splintered” to make any change.

以往金磚國家一直很難形成共識。當初，它們在2011和2012年未能就IMF和世界銀行負責人提名達成一致；而今，印度和南非近期又表示它們可能退出五國均已初步認可的貿易協議。許多專家的看法是，金磚國家這個組織過於“分散”，因而發揮不了任何作用。

With today’s summit, BRICS managed to break that perception and move forward to realign the economic balance for future development. “It is an achievement for the countries who have not significantly sat on the high table on economic and political governance matters,” said Samir Saran, senior fellow and vice president at Observer Research Foundation, a New Delhi based think-tank. “It is going to create a new ethos of economic governance.”

在本次峯會上，金磚國家成功打破了這種觀念。爲了今後的發展，它們正在向着重新校準經濟平衡的目標邁進。新德里智囊機構Observer Research Foundation高級研究員兼副總裁薩米爾o薩蘭認爲：“對於這些在經濟和政治事務上尚未真正進入貴賓席的國家來說，這是一項成就。它將形成一種新的經濟治理觀念。”