《權利的遊戲》與中國歷史的十大雷同之處(上)

George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire and its television adaptation Game of Thrones has become notorious for its complex political machinations, memorable characters, and truly unpredictable plot twists. Martin has made no secret of his liberal borrowing from various parts of European culture and history in the construction of Westeros and his stories. But what many might be surprised is that many elements of the series actually have counterparts in Chinese history. And in most cases, these real-life versions are more shocking, brutal, and bloody than anything Martin has yet to put on the page.

喬治·R·R·馬丁的小說《冰與火之歌》及其改編版美劇《權力的遊戲》憑藉錯綜複雜的政治陰謀，令人印象深刻的角色刻畫和出其不意的曲折情節而備受關注。馬丁自爆，塑造維斯特洛背景和故事時，從歐洲多地的文化和歷史中借鑑頗豐。但實際上，《冰與火之歌》系列與中國歷史雷同之處頗多，這讓很多人感到驚訝。而且，中國史實比馬丁書中的描述更令人震驚，更血腥殘忍。中國歷史與《權力的遊戲》相比，簡直是有過之而無不及。

Wall

10.絕境長城

Let's kick off this list with one of the most recognizable and memorable pieces of ASOIAF lore: the Wall. 700+ feet high and 300 miles long, the Wall is a gigantic barrier of ice that separates the Seven Kingdoms from the peoples and creatures who live in the frozen North. The Wall is manned by the Sworn Brothers of the Night's Watch, a military order stretching back for thousands of years composed of men from each of the Seven Kingdoms, who occupy nineteen fortresses along its length.

此榜單以《冰與火之歌》傳說中最爲人所熟知和令人難忘的絕境長城開篇。絕境長城是橫亙於七大王國和嚴寒北境間的冰障，高700英尺許，綿延300英里，將北境的人民、生靈與七大王國隔離。長城由守夜人軍團看守。他們來自七大王國，是一支擁有上千年曆史的軍團，守護長城邊塞的19個要塞堡壘。

Chinese Counterpart: The Great Wall of China

對應中國版：中國萬里長城

Martin has reported that the inspiration for the Wall was Hadrian's Wall, a 118-km-long wall built on the northernmost border of the Roman province of Britannia. But both Hadrian's Wall and the Wall itself are dwarfed by the awesome size and scale of what is colloquially known as the Great Wall of China. Stretching a mind-blowing 20,000 kilometers (approximately 12,427 miles), the Great Wall is actually a series of different walls, interconnected fortresses, and watch towers. The Great Wall was constructed in different phases for almost 2,000 years, beginning in the 3rd century BCE under the orders of Qin Shi Huang, the legendary first Emperor of China, and ending in 1644 when the very invaders that it was built to defend against overwhelmed it and conquered China, thereby establishing the Qing Dynasty. Its length and magnitude are all the more impressive when you consider that, unlike the Wall from ASOIAF, it wasn't built with the aid of magic.

馬丁自稱，長城的靈感來源於哈德良長城。哈德良長城長118千米，地處羅馬時期最北端的大不列顛。但無論是哈德良長城，還是《冰與火之歌》中的長城，與氣勢恢宏，規模巨大的中國萬里長城相比，均會相形見絀。萬里長城綿延兩萬千米，令人稱奇。它其實是不同城牆相連，把堡壘和瞭望塔連爲一體。萬里長城修建於不同時期，公元前3世紀，中國首位傳奇皇帝秦始皇一聲令下，萬里長城開始修築；1644年，長城主要用來抵禦外敵入侵，但正是這些外敵征服中國，建立清王朝統治，修築長城工作結束。修建萬里長城歷時約2000年。與《冰與火之歌》中的長城不同，萬里長城不是依靠魔法築成的。一想到它的綿亙蜿蜒和重要性時，就會感到更加驚歎。

Targaryen War of Conquest

9.坦格利安征服之戰

One of the defining moments in the history of Westeros was its conquest at the hands of Aegon the Conqueror and his sister-wives Visenya and Rhaenys from 2BC to 1AC. Armed with three dragons, House Targaryen managed to conquer and unite six of the Seven Kingdoms under his rule. One of the most notable parts of the War of Conquest was that House Targaryen were outsiders in Westeros. Ruling over the island-fortress of Dragonstone, the Targaryens were not of Westerosi heritage but of Valyrian. So the ultimate narrative of the War of Conquest can be summarized as such: with the aid of animal super-weapons, a group of outsiders conquered their divided neighbors to create a single kingdom.

公元前2世紀到公元1世紀，是維斯特洛歷史上的重要時期。這段時期，征服者伊耿和他的兩個妹妻維桑尼亞與雷妮絲開始征服世界。憑藉三條龍，塔格利安家族成功征服六大王國，最終統領七大王國。值得一提的是，征服之戰中的塔格利安屬於維斯特洛的外來者。塔格利安家族統管龍石島堡壘，但他們不是維斯特洛的後裔，而是瓦雷利亞傳人。所以，這場征服之戰可概括爲：一羣外來者，依靠龍這一超級武器，戰勝分崩離析的鄰邦，建立起統一帝國。

Chinese Counterpart: The Qin Conquest of China

對應中國版：秦始皇一統天下

During the Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 BCE), the centralized rule of the state of Zhou deteriorated over the centuries to the point where China was divided into seven smaller states that paid the Zhou lip service as their rulers while in effect they were locked into a period of near-constant warfare for supremacy. That is, until one of the states known as the Qin managed to conquer all six of their neighbors. The Qin were "a buffer state between the civilisation in the northern plain of China and the nomads to the north-west… at first regarded by the Chinese at the centre as semi-barbarian…took no part in the occasional conferences held by the Six." But it's not just significant that, like the Targaryens, they were outsiders who conquered six rival kingdoms. Additionally, they were able to overwhelm their enemies thanks to a weapon that was practically unheard of among the peoples of China: riders on horseback.

周朝時（公元前1045年—公元前221年），中央集權統治力量世代衰敗，分裂爲七個小國，各國首領爲爭奪霸權，頻繁開戰，中國進入戰亂時期，周朝的統治名存實亡。直到秦國擊敗六國，實現統一。秦國原是"中國北部平原文明和西北遊牧民族衝突的緩衝地……秦國在朝廷眼中起先只是半開化之地……秦國無權參與六國會議"。跟塔格利安家族一樣，秦國也是以外來者身份戰勝六強，但這還不是最重要的。最重要的是，秦國擊敗敵人全靠中國史無前例的武器——馬背上的騎士。

Perpetual Warfare between the Free Cities of Essos

8.埃索自由城間的不息戰爭

The Nine Free Cities are the central hubs of geopolitical power on Essos, the continent to the east of Westeros. Eight were former colonies of Valyria that had been given the right of self-rule while the ninth, Braavos, was secretly founded by groups of escaped slaves. Though they share many similarities, each Free City has developed their own cultural practices and identities. As such, they have been locked in near constant warfare with each other in some shape or form for centuries after the Doom of Valyria in 102BC.

埃索位於維斯特洛東部，九座自由之城是其地緣政治的中心樞紐。這其中八個是原先瓦雷利亞的殖民地，但他們被賦予自治的權利。第九個自由城則是被一些逃走的奴隸祕密建立的布拉佛斯城。儘管他們之間有相似之處，但每座城也發展形成了自己的文化習俗和特性。同樣地，在公元前102年瓦雷利亞末日浩劫後，九座自由之城之間也開始了長達數個世紀的大大小小的戰爭。

Chinese Counterpart: Multiple Eras of Instability

對應中國版：亂世

There were several periods of ancient Chinese history when the disintegration of the centralized state due to political instability, peasant uprisings, or dynastic shifts led to the dissolution of the empire into multiple competing kingdoms. If we associate the destruction of the dynastic model with the Doom of Valyria, then the associated kingdoms that sprang up in its wake can easily be seen as the equivalent of the Free Cities of Essos. One of the most notable examples of this dynamic was the Warring States Period (476-221 BCE) when the downfall of the Zhou Dynasty created a power vacuum that was filled by the establishment of ten smaller fiefdoms which evolved into full-fledged states boasting significant military power. These kingdoms spent hundreds of years battling for supremacy before they were united once again by the brutal conquest of the state of Qin which led to the founding of the Qin Dynasty. Another example was the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE) when the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu arose from the ashes of the Han Dynasty and waged sixty years of war that left an astonishing 34 million people dead.

中國古代史中有幾段時期中央集權處於瓦解狀態，這是由於政局不穩，農民起義或是王朝更替使地方勢力割據等原因導致的。如果我們把王朝的滅亡與瓦雷利亞末日浩劫聯想在一起，那麼顯而易見，之後涌現的各種地方力量就可以和埃索的九座自由之城聯繫起來。最著名的例子當屬戰國時期（公元前476年-公元前221年），由於周王朝的衰落，王權旁落分散到了十個擁兵自重，其勢已成的諸侯王手中。這些諸侯國爲霸權爭鬥了數百年，最終盡被強秦所滅，秦王朝就此建立。另一個例子，三國時期（公元220-公元280）魏、蜀、吳在紛亂的東漢末年崛起，並陷入了長達60年的戰爭中，而這場戰爭造成了3400萬人死亡，多麼驚人的一個數字。

Faith Militant Uprising

7.教團武裝起事

Sparked after many long years of royal abuse, the Faith of the Seven revolted against the Iron Throne in 41 AC, sparking a cataclysmic period of unrest known as the Faith Militant uprising. The resulting conflict left countless dead and was countered by King Maegor I Targaryen with such brutality (at one point he bestowed cash rewards on anyone who brought the head of an enemy combatant) that he was forever referred to as Maegor the Cruel. The Uprising was finally ended when King Jaehaerys I Targaryen offered complete amnesty for rebel fighters in exchange for the disbanding of the Faith Militant.

在被鐵王座壓迫統治了相當長的一段時間後，公元41年，信仰七神的教會起義反叛，對抗鐵王座的統治，那一段動盪不安的烽火歲月就是著名的教團武裝起事。這次衝突的結果就是無數生靈塗炭，最後被國王梅葛·坦格利安一世殘酷無情地鎮壓（有一次在戰鬥中，梅葛用重金許給能斬敵首級的士兵），而他因此也獲得了一個永久的稱號"殘酷的梅葛"。後來傑赫里斯一世同意赦免所有的叛軍，條件是七神的部隊全部解散，這場起義才徹底結束。

Chinese Counterpart: Daoist Secret Society Uprisings

對應中國版：黃巾軍起義

During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) secret Daoist societies sparked peasant uprisings during times of political instability. Two of the most prominent were the Red Eyebrows and the Yellow Turbans. The Red Eyebrows succeeded in 18 CE in ousting the Emperor Wang Mang, but they failed to enact any lasting change as political power was quickly seized by other members of the former imperial family. The Yellow Turbans were a group of faith-healers who in 184 CE managed to shake the foundations of China so greatly that, while the Han Dynasty was eventually able to regain control over the empire, it was doomed to collapse in a few decades to army generals who used their forces to establish the Three Kingdoms. (G.B. 72) Like the Faith Militant Uprising, both of these faith-based real-life peasant uprisings were eventually put down by the very imperial families they sought to depose.

漢朝（公元前206年-公元220年），由於時局不穩，人心思變，打着道教旗號的農民起義數次爆發。最著名的兩次當屬"赤眉之亂"和"黃巾之亂"。"赤眉軍"成功於公元18年推翻了王莽的統治，但是他們並未制定長久的方針，以至於很快大權旁落，朝廷落入前皇室的掌控。黃巾軍公元184年發動了號稱"蒼天已死，黃天當立。歲在甲子，天下大吉"的大規模起義，企圖推翻漢朝的統治。朝廷最終鎮壓了起義，但是大廈將傾之勢早已註定，隨後的數十年裏，形成了三國鼎立的格局。就像教團武裝起事那樣，他們都是對動盪的時局不滿，於是爆發起義，最終都被他們想要推翻的帝王家族所鎮壓。

rt Baratheon

6.勞勃·拜拉席恩

The next few entries are going to focus on individual characters from ASOIAF who have disturbingly accurate parallels in Chinese history. We'll begin with Robert Baratheon, the man responsible for the rebellion which deposed House Targaryen from the Iron Throne. After securing the throne for himself, he quickly proved himself to be an ineffective king by squandering the realm's finances, siring multiple bastards with possible claims to the Iron Throne, and generally letting the kingdom begin to fall into disrepair.

我們將從勞勃·拜拉席恩開始說起，他是把坦格利安家族從鐵王座上拉下來的主要叛亂者。當政權穩定後，他很快便證明了自己是個多麼沒用的國王，濫用政權，揮霍財政經費，私生活糜爛，私生子衆多，漸漸地王權亦趨於毀滅。

Chinese Counterpart: Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi

對應中國版：北齊文宣帝

Robert Baratheon's contempt for the business of ruling as king and his great fondness of alcohol was matched, if not surpassed, by Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi. Though a formidable and brilliant military commander who succeeded in establishing the Northern Qi Dynasty, he soon plunged into alcoholism and became a cruel and ineffective leader. The great Chinese historian Sima Guang wrote that he "drank heavily and lived immorally, carrying out cruel and barbarous acts at his own whim. Sometimes he sang and danced day and night…Sometimes when it was warm, he would be naked to bask in the sun, but even in the coldest winter, he would strip naked as well and run around." He died of alcoholism in 559 CE.

勞勃·拜拉席恩疏於政務以及嗜酒的行爲與北齊文宣帝如出一轍。文宣帝原是一名彪悍有才幹的將軍，他成功建立了北齊王朝，但是很快他就墜入酒鄉，成爲了一個無能的暴君。偉大的中國史學家司馬光這樣寫道："他酗酒，品行不端，常常一時興起就採取一些暴虐行爲。有時候他晝夜不停地唱歌跳舞，天氣暖和的時候，他會赤身裸體地曬太陽。但是即使在最冷的冬天，他也會裸着身體到處跑。"公元559年，他因縱酒過度而暴斃。

翻譯：小飛俠8+7 來源：前十網