中英雙語話中國藝術 第6期:中國動畫
6. Chinese CArtoon
6. 中國動畫Early History
早期發展In around 180 A.D. the first zoetrope was invented by Duing Huan, an artisan in the Eastern Han. While the modern cartoon industry began in France in 1888 invented by Emile Reynaud, Chinese animation started in the 1920s, and were inspired by French, German, Russian and mostly American productions. One of the first records of foreign animation did not land in Shanghai until 1918. This piece of animation from the US was titled as "Out of the Inkwell".
大約公元180年，丁緩（漢朝工藝家）發明了第一個西洋鏡（活動幻影）。現代動畫產業始於1888年的法國，埃米爾 .雷諾創作了第一件作品。在法國、德國、俄羅斯和美國的動畫作品的鼓舞下，中國的動畫始於20世紀20年代。直到1918年，上海出現了第一部動畫作品一一來自美國的《從墨水瓶裏跳出來》。
In 1922 Wan Laiming produced the first animation in a cartoon advertisement for the Shuzhendong Chinese Typewriter. Shanghai Tobacco Company also produced a cartoon called New Year. These are the earliest known cartoon shorts.
1922年萬籟鳴，萬氏兄弟製作了中國的第一組卡通廣告《舒振東華文打字機》。上海菸草公司也製作了卡通片《新年》。這就是所知最早的卡通短片。In 1926, four Wan brothers, Wan Laiming, Wan Guchan, Wan Chaochen and Wan Dihuan worked under the Great Wall Film Company in China, not the Great Wall Movie Enterprises Ltd. Wan Laiming and Wan Guchan were then recognized as China's animation pioneers when they produced the first animation short Uproar in the Studio running 10 to 12 minutes long in black and white. The brothers believed that Chinese animation should be instructive, logical and thought-provoking besides being entertaining to its audience. They wanted to emphasize the development of an animation style that was uniquely Chinese. It was a common trend at the time to combine live action film footages with 2D animation. By 1932 one of the Wan brothers, Wan Dihuan, would voluntarily leave the Great Wall Film company for his own photography studio. Some of the first wave of influential American animations that reached Shanghai was Popeye，and a show known as Betty Boop.
1926年，萬氏四兄弟，即萬籟鳴、萬古瞻、萬超塵和萬滌寰，在中國長城電影公司旗下工作，並非長城電影娛樂有限公司。萬籟鳴、萬古瞻兄弟製作了第一部長達10-12分鐘的黑自動畫短片《大鬧畫室》，因此當時他們被稱爲中國動畫事業的先驅。兄弟倆認爲，中國動畫除了能夠娛樂觀衆以外，還應當具有啓發性、邏輯性和發人深省。他們要重點創造中國獨有的動畫風格。把活動的電影膠片和二維動畫電影片段結合起來是當時的發展趨勢。1932年，萬氏兄弟之一，萬滌寰離開長城電影公司開設了自己的攝影工作室。一些有影響的美國首批動畫在上海播映，有《大力水手》和《勃比小姐》。By 1935 the Wan brothers would launch the first animation with sound titled The Camel's Dance. By 1941 China's first animated feature film of notable length, "Princess Iron Fan"， was released under very difficult conditions during Sino-Japanese War and World War II". While there was overlapping progress made in the Asian regions with Japanese enemies at the time, they were not geographically or artistically influential to Chinese cartoon directly. During the Japanese invasion period, the brothers produced more than 20 animated propaganda shorts focusing on various patriotic topics from resistance against Japanese troops, opium and imperialism.
1935年，萬氏兄弟創作的《駱駝獻舞》宣告有聲動畫片的誕生，並對中國美術片的發展產生重大影響。 1941年，他們創作出中國第一部超長動畫一一《鐵扇公主~，在非常困難的抗日戰爭和第二次世界大戰的條件下上映。儘管當時亞洲地區進行着抗日戰爭，但是中國動畫事業無論在地理上還是在藝術性上都沒有受到影響，取得了不斷的進步。在此期間，萬氏兄弟們還是創作出了超過 20部的動畫宣傳短片，圍繞愛國主義主題、涉及反抗日本侵略、抵制鴉片和反抗帝國主義各個方面。Steady Development (1946-1949)
穩定發展階段On October 1, 1946 a northeast motion picture studio was established in the Nenjiang Province, later incorporated into the Heilongjiang Province. In 1947 production such as Emperor's Dream used puppets in an exaggerated way to expose corruption of politics. The idea of using political contents in puppet films was becoming acceptable. Documentary type cartoons like Go after an Easy Prey (1948) is an example. In 1948 the Northeast studio would change name to Shanghai picture studio group.
1946年10月1日，在當時的嫩江省(後並人今黑龍江省)，成立了東北電影製片廠。1947年創作出了動畫片《皇帝夢》。動畫片用木偶以誇張的手法諷刺了當時政治的腐敗。在木偶片中引人政治內容被認可。紀錄片形式的漫畫，像《甕中捉鱉》(1948)就是一個例子。 1948年，東北電影製片廠美術片組並人上海電影製片廠。Founding of Shanghai Arts and Film Studio (1950~1965)
上海美術電影製片廠的成立In February 1950 the northeast group would combine with other divisions to become the predecessor of Shanghai Animation Film Studio. The Wan brothers, Central Academy of Fine Arts, the Art Institute of Suzhou and many other big name artists would all be concentrated in this studio for the first time. In Shanghai Thank You, Kitty was created. By 1956 the Wan brothers had created the first colored animation of notable length titled Why is the Crow Black-Coated, which became the first Chinese animation recognized internationally.
1950年2月，東北組聯合其他的一些部門，成立了專業生產美術片的上海美術電影製片廠的前身(簡稱美影)。萬氏兒弟、中央美術學院、蘇州藝術學院等許多大藝術家都首次雲集在了這裏。《謝謝你，小花貓》誕生了。 1956年，萬氏兄弟攝製了彩色動畫片，名爲《烏鴉爲什麼是黑的》，標誌着中國動畫片被世界所接受。In April 1957 the central government began sponsoring the studio, making it the nation's first and official animation factory. From the technology standpoint，China's animation was still relatively on pace with the rest of the world. In 1958 the Wan brothers created a new animation film technique based on the folk art cut-paper animation, which was demonstrated in Pigsy Eats Watermelon. At the same time another technique called origami animation was also developed by Yu Zheguang in 1960, in the film A Clever Duckling. Also in 1960 the first set of animation film exhibitions were held in 6 major cities including Shanghai and Beijing, followed by exhibitions in Hong Kong in 1962αnd Macau in 1963.
1957年4月開始，中央政府開始創辦國內第一家官方美術製片廠。從技術角度看，我國的動畫發展速度於世界各地相對持平。1958年萬氏兄弟在民間剪紙藝術的基礎上，運用動畫原理和電影手段，試製成功首部剪紙片《豬八戒吃西瓜》。與此同時，在兒童摺紙和手工勞作基礎上加以改造、演化，虞哲光於1960年首創了摺紙片《聰明的小鴨子》。1960年第一回動畫影展分別於上海、北京等 6個大城市舉辦。1962年在香港，1963年在澳門也隨後開展。The Wan brothers would receive the most recognition for their film Havoc in Heaven，since it was well known among ordinary citizens. The development spanned 4 years from 1961 to 1964. It ran for nearly 2 hours pushing the technology to the limit with some of the most vivid colors ever put to the screen.
萬氏兄弟獲得最大認可的影片是衆人皆知的歷經四年完成的鴻篇鉅製《大鬧天宮》。全片持續兩個小時，把電影技術和精美色彩的運用推向了極致。Reform Period (1978~1989)
改革階段The Chinese animation industry would begin to reproduce animations in a new direction. Shanghai Animation Film Studio had launched 219 animation films in the 1980s. In 1979 Nezha was one of the first notable animations shown during the rebirth period. Other films include Snow Kid (1980), Lao Mountain Taoist (1981), The Deer's Bell (1982) and Legend of Sealed Book (1983). Among the works Three Monks (1980) was one of the few animations that managed to earn awards with clear national style and modern sense.
中國動畫產業在新的方向進行創新。20世紀80年代，上海電影製片廠推出 219部動畫電影。 1979年製作的《哪噸鬧海》是新時期第一部寬銀幕傑出的代表作。此外，傑出的動畫片還有《雪孩子》(1980)、《嘮山道士》(1981 )、《鹿鈴》 (1982)、《天書奇譚》(1983)其中《三個和尚》(1980)是飲譽中外的創新之作，既有鮮明的民族風格，又有現代意識。Contemporary Development
當代新發展Chinese animations now have major festival to back them up. The First China International Cartoon Festival held in Hangzhou is so far the largest of its kind in China. One of the most important components of this festival was the Original Cartoon and Animation Exposition, which attracted more than 100 cartoon producers from the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan, as well as Japan， South Korea, America, Britain and Germany. Although the exhibits were mainly audio and video products, people still detected health prospects for the Chinese cartoon industry. In recent years, China has established many enterprises engaged in cartoon production. In Hangzhou alone, there are more than 50 such enterprises, most of which deal with film and TV products, as well as online gaming development. One of them, Zhongnan Cartoon Company, receives good response from both domestic and overseas markets.
現在中國動畫業有了自己的節日。首屆中國國際動畫節在杭州舉行，這是迄今爲止中國規模最大的動畫慶典。展覽會上最重要的組成部分，是原創動畫和動畫博覽會。吸引了 100多名來自中國大陸、香港和臺灣，以及日本、韓國、美國、英國和德國的卡通製作人。雖然展品主要是音像製品，人們還是對中國動畫產業的前景很樂觀。近年來，中國已建立了不少企業從事漫畫生產。僅在杭州就有50多個動畫製作商，其中大部分負責影視產品以及網絡遊戲的發展。中南卡通公司是其中之一，收到了國內外市場良好的反響。
