中英雙語話中國藝術 第8期:中國古典園林
8. Chinese Classical Gardens
8. 中國古典園林園林一向是中國文化的重要組成部分之一。一般來說，如果沒有觀賞過中國的園林就沒有真正到過中國。
Garden building is considered a chief component of Chinese culture Some people say that if you have never walked through a Chinese garden, you cannot say that you have really visited China.中國園林歷史悠久。最早是皇家貴族的獰獵場，建於公元前11世紀的周朝。秦漢年間成爲皇家的休閒娛樂場所，修建得更加美麗堂皇。明清時期園林建築進入鼎盛時期，圓明園是這一時期的傑出代表。與西歐的古典園林不同，前者長於幾何建構，中國園林更是小規模的天然景觀。傳統的中國園林分三種：皇家園林、私人花園、風景區園林。
大多數皇家園林位於華北：北京的北海公園、頤和園、紫禁城，河北承德的避暑山莊，陝西西安的華清池(有名的華清溫泉)。皇家園林佔地面積很大，比如頤和園佔地290公頃，而承德的避暑山莊佔地560多公頃是中國最大的皇家園林。園林大體有三種作用：行政管理、居住，休閒娛樂。在多數的皇家園林中多以南北爲軸，園林的主體建築與此假想中的中心線連接，其他的建築分散在山水之間作爲輔線與之相互呼應渾然一體。
Most imperial gardens are located in north China: Beihai park; the Summer Palace; the Imperial Garden of the Forbidden City in Beijing; the Imperial Summer Resort in Chengde, Hebei Province; and Huaqing Palace, presently known as Huaqing Hot Spring, in Xi'an, Sha anxi Province. Imperial gardens occupy large areas. The Summer Palace，for instance, has an area of 290 hectares while the Imperial Summer Resort in Chengde, which covers more than 560 hectares, is the largest imperial garden in China. Most of these gardens have three sections which serve administrative, residential, and recreational purposes. In large imperial gardens, the main buildings are connected by an imaginary line in the middle of the garden on a north-south axis. Other buildings scattered among hills and waters are linked by subordinate lines, forming a well-designed symmetry and adding more beauty to the chief architectural complex.皇家園林的其他特徵爲色彩斑斕、人工假山和人工湖，別具一格。以塔、欄杆、屏風、石桌、石橋、拱橋爲其建築風格的特色。
Other characteristics of imperial gardens are coloured paintings, man-made hills and lakes, and ingeniously-designed buildings. Structures for artistic appreciation, such as pagodas, balustrades, screen walls, stone tablets, bridges，and decorated archways abound in those gardens.大多數私家園林多聚集在中國的南方長江以南，多建在住宅的一側或者是後面。園林中多爲岩石、涼亭、池塘、小橋、樹術和花草。四周到處是遊廊、裝飾、門窗，以便客人可以欣賞其中的美景。家庭的園林多爲花園，用以招待客人、舉行宴會、吟詩作畫。多爲開放式的且常在水邊，以便賞景。蜿蜒曲折的遊廊連接着各個景點，也是遮蔭避雨的好去處。
Most private gardens are found in the south, especially in cities south of the Yangtze River. Private gardens were mostly built at one side or at the back of the residential houses. In almost every case, there is a large space in the garden set in a landscape of artistically arranged rockeries, ponds, pavilions, bridges, trees and flowers. Surrounding the beautiful scene are small open areas partitioned by corridors or walls with latticed windows or beautifully shaped doors through which visitors can enjoy the sights. Buildings in the garden were used for receiving guests, holding banquets, reading, or writting poetry. They are open on all sides and are often situates near the water so that the whole scene can be enjoyed. The winding corridors connect various buildings and also provide a covered veranda as shelter from the rain and shade from the sun.蘇州園林，是"園林中的園林是最好的展現中國傳統私家園林的代表。滄浪亭質樸迷人，獅子林奇石巧布，拙政園水靜房獻，而留園則是建築藝術古樸、山水林井然有序，這些都分別代表了宋、元、明、清時期的園林。
Suzhou, known as the land of gardens, displays the most and the best Chinese traditional private gardens. Among them, the Pavilion of the Surging Waves is known for its rustic charm, Lion Grove for its strange rockeries, the Humble Administrator's Garden for its tranquil waters and elegant buildings，and the Garden for Lingering in for its ancient architectural art and the arrangement of hills, waters, and plants. They are examples of the garden styles of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties respectively.揚州的園林多以建築風格獨特、奇山怪石爲特徵。比如:在葛園中，不同形狀的岩石可以表現不同的季節。南京的詹園，無錫的濟昌園和上海的豫園都很著名。
Gardens in Yangzhou are characterized by their architectural style and artistic rockeries. In the Ge Garden，for example, different formations of rocks are used to show different seasons. The Zhan Garden in Nanjing, the Jichang Garden in Wuxi, and the Yu Garden in Shanghai are also well-known.廣東的園林多以大池塘，建築顏色鮮豔和植物繁多而著名。順德的清輝園、東莞的客園，佛山的十二石館以及番周的雨音山社都是很好的代表。
Guangdong style gardens are distinguished by large ponds, brightly coloured buildings，and luxuriant plants. The Qinghui Garden in Shunde, the Ke Garden in Dongguan，the Twelve Stone Studio in Foshan，and the Yuyin Mountain House in Panyu are good examples.風景園林多以自然景觀爲名，多用於大衆休閒。古代的中國人多以“景”來命名風景區，美麗的名字使其更有意境。比如：杭州的西湖，揚州的二十四瘦西湖、以及濟南的八壩湖等。杭州西湖很具有代表性:在湖心島的南岸有3個塔，每個有2米高，各有5個出口。在島的南角有個“我心相印亭”，透過出口可以看到分成3個部分的月亮，故得名“三潭映月”。
Landscape gardens are different and are places for public recreation. The landscape gardens contain a number of pleasant natural scenes. With a few man-made details, it looks more natural than artificial. The ancient Chinese used to call garden landscape ring which means "scene" in English. Good examples include the ten West Lake scenes in Hangzhou，the twenty-four slim West Lake scenes in Yangzhou and the Eight Darning Lake scenes in Jinan. In addition, each scene is endowed with a beautiful name, and each name in only a few words can express the principal theme of the scenery and give it a soul. The West Lake is typical. Off the southern shore of an island stand three stone pagodas, each two meters high. Five openings form a striking feature of the pagodas. From the centre of the "Mutual Affinity Pavilion" at the southern tip of the island, reflections of the moon can be viewed through the openings and they are divided into three part.Thus, the name "san Tan Yin Yue"or "Three Pools Reflecting the Moon" is created.
在古代中國，一些寺廟也多建在風景優美的地方，後來多成爲人們休閒的好去處。In ancient China，temples and monasteries were usually built in beautiful places; consequently, those built with gardens have become places for public recreation.
詩人和畫家也爲風景園林增色不少。他們爲這些園林填詩作賦或者設計製造，後代們爲了紀念他們把他們的詩歌刻在桌子上，庭子裏，以及塔上。這也豐富了園林的內涵，吸引了衆多的遊客。Many famous poets and painters contributed greatly to the development of landscape gardens. They either left poetic inscriptions for those gardens, or designed the gardens themselves. In order to commemorate those poets and painters, later generations had their poems and inscriptions engraved on tablets, pavilions, or pagodas，thus enriching the gardens and inspiring visitors.
這些風景園林與很多的神仙和傳說有關，這也爲它們增添了許多衝祕的色彩。比如，浙江金山的法海寺和白蛇洞就與“白蛇傳的傳說”有關。南京的“莫愁”湖就是根據世代相傳的傳說得名的。風景園林不僅是休閒娛樂的地方，也是公衆活動的地方。傳統的宗教活動每年多在風景園林中進行。In landscape gardens there are often reminders of Chinese fairy tales or legends which add mystery to the beautiful scenes. For instance, the Fahai Temple and the White Dragon Cave in Jinshan Mountain in Zhenjiang relates to the fairy tale "The Legend of the White snake." The Mochou Lake in Nanjing is associated with a legend which has been handed down from ancient times. Landscape gardens are not only places for recreation, but also places for public activities. Traditional religious activities are usually held in these gardens annually.
中國園林的建築藝術也對其他國家產生了巨大的影響。早至6世紀，中國的園林建築就被引人日本，並被貫以中國名字。對中國風格的熱衷使中國園林後來也傳入了歐洲，比如在巴黎就有20多個這樣的園林花園。The technique of Chinese garden building has also exerted a great influence on other countries. As early as the sixth century, Chinese garden building was introduced into Japan where gardens were given Chinese names. Later the enthusiasm for Chinese style gardens spread to the European continent. For example, more than twenty such scenic parks were built in Paris.
現代中國在竭力保護和重建古典園林。在 1980年中國建築工程總公司的風景建築公司建立，並與外國客戶簽約修建園林。同年，美國紐約市的大都市藝術博物館的明軒園由該公司的蘇州分公司建成。而中國廣州分公司爲西德的1983年的慕尼黑世界園林展覽會修建了芳華園。Modern China tries to protect and restore classical gardens and to build new ones. In 1980, the Landscape Architecture Art in New York City was built by the Suzhou branch of the company，and the Guangzhou branch completed the Chinese Garden (Fang Hua Yuan) for the 1983 Munich World Garden Exhibition in the West Germany.
