中英雙語話史記 第88期:安史之亂

Tang Dynasty

唐朝

An Shi Rebellion

安史之亂

The An Shi Rebellion (安史之亂）occurred in China, during the Tang Dynasty， from 756 to 763.

安史之亂於唐朝時期發生，自756年持續到763年。

It is also known as the Tianbao Rebellion (天寶之亂） , because An Lushan started it in the 14th year of the namesake era.

它還被稱爲“天寶之亂”，因爲安祿山在天寶14年開始叛亂。

The alternative term An Lushan Rebellion neglected the participation of Shi Siming, a subordinate of An Lushan and later leader of the rebellion after murdering An Lushan's son An Qingxu.

安史之亂的另一個名稱忽視了安祿山的下屬史思明的參與，史思明在殺害了安祿山的兒子安慶旭後成爲了叛軍首領。

An Lushan was a general of non-Han Chinese ancestry.

安祿山曾是一個具有外族血統的將領。

He was appointed by the emperor Tang Xuanzhong to be commander (節度使）of three garrisons in the north, Pinglu, Fanyang and Hedong, in effect giving An Lushan control over the entire area north of the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

他被唐玄宗任命爲北部三個要塞地區——平盧、范陽和河東的節度使，這使得他控制了整個黃河下游北部的區域。

With such power and land in his control (the total military power of An Lushan in those three garrisons alone was about 164 thousand strong),

通過自己掌控的權力和區域（安祿山在這三個地區的全部軍事力量約有164000人），

An Lushan planned a revolt, taking advantage of the decadent Tang bureaucracy and the absence of strong troops around the palace to achieve his aims.

安祿山策劃了一場反叛，藉助唐朝官僚機構的頹敗與王宮周圍強大軍隊的缺席達成了自己的目的。

He avoided suspicion by pleasing the Emperor in as many ways as possible,

他儘可能的通過不同的方法來取悅皇帝以打消皇帝的懷疑，

even calling himself the adopted son of Xuanzhong's favorite concubine, Yang Guifei.

甚至稱自己是皇帝最寵愛的妃子——楊貴妃的侄兒。

In this way, he was protected from criticism, even when the Chief Minister, Yang Guozhong, demanded his dismissal.

運用這種方式，甚至當宰相楊國忠提出罷免他的職位的時候，安祿山都可以不用遭受指責。

In 755, An Lushan revolted under the pretense of punishing Yang Guozhong.

755年，安祿山假借討伐楊國忠之名叛亂。

His army surged down from fanyang in modern Hebei province, moving rapidly along the Grand Canal and capturing the city of Luoyang within the year.

他的軍隊從范陽（今河北）攻下，在一年內迅速地沿着大運河奪取了洛陽城。

There, An Lushan declared himself the Emperor of the Great Yan dynasty (大燕皇帝）.

在那裏，安祿山自立爲大燕皇帝。

He was blocked from the imperial capital at Chang'an by loyal troops placed in impregnable defensive positions in the intervening mountain passes.

他在帝都長安城遭到了駐于山口的要塞防禦之地的皇家軍隊的抵擋。

However, Yang Guozhong, with grossly inept military judgement, ordered the troops in the passes to attack An's army on open ground.

然而，楊國忠卻作出了愚蠢的軍事判斷，他命令位於要塞區域的軍隊在開闊的地方攻擊安祿山的軍隊。

They were demolished, and the road to the capital lay open.

軍隊被擊破，通往長安的路打開了。

Seeing that Chang'an was now under imminent threat, Xuanzong fled to Sichuan.

意識到長安城即將陷入威脅之中，玄宗逃往四川。

On the way at Mawei Inn in Shaanxi, Xuanzong’s bodyguard troops demanded the death of the much-hated Yang Guozhong, and his cousin, Lady Yang.

在陝西的馬嵬坡，玄宗的貼身護衛們要求殺了遭人痛恨的楊國忠和他的侄女楊玉環。

With the army on the verge of mutiny, the Emperor had no choice but to agree,

面對着即將到來的叛軍，玄宗別無選擇，

ordering the execution of Yang Guozhong and the suicide of Lady Yang.

只得處死楊國忠並令楊玉環自縊。

Meanwhile, the crown prince, the eventual emperor, fled in the other direction to Lingwu in modern-day Ningxia province.

同時，太子也就是最終的皇帝，逃往另一個方向的靈武（位於今天的寧夏）。

After reaching Sichuan, Xuanzong abdicated in favor of his son.

到了四川之後，玄宗退位，傳位給了他的兒子。

Suzong, (3rd or 4th) son of Xuanzong, was then proclaimed emperor,

肅宗（唐玄宗的三兒子或四兒子）之後便登基稱帝，

although another group of local officials and Confucian literati proclaimed another prince at Jinling (modern-day Nanjing).

儘管此時另一羣官員和士大夫在金陵（今南京）擁立了另有一位皇子爲帝。

One of Suzong's first acts as emperor was to appoint the generals Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi to deal with the rebellion.

肅宗稱帝后的第一道旨意就是命令將軍郭子儀和李光弼處理叛亂。

The generals, after much discussion, decided to borrow troops from an offshoot of the Turkish Tujue Tribe, the Huihe tribe (ancestors of the modern-day Uighurs) to suppress the rebellion.

兩位將軍經過商議後，決定向土耳其的突厥部和回紇部（今維吾爾人的祖先）的支流借用軍隊來鎮壓反叛。

In this way the Imperial forces recaptured Chang’an and Luoyang.

通過這種方式，皇帝的軍隊重新佔領了長安和洛陽。

Meanwhile the imperial forces were helped by internal dissent in the newly-formed dynasty.

同時，朝廷的部隊還受到了新立的大燕國內部不滿聲音的幫助。

An Lushan was killed by his son, An Qingxu not long after his ascent to the throne. (An's virulent paranoia posed too much of a threat to his entourage.)

安祿山登基後不久就被自己的兒子安慶旭殺死了（安祿山嚴重的偏執爲他的隨從構成了威脅），安慶旭後來被史思明殺死。

His son was then killed by the subordinate Shi Siming, a companion of An Lushan during the rebellion； he recaptured the city of Luoyang soon after.

然而，史思明又被自己的兒子史朝義所殺。

However Shi Siming was then kilted by his own son, Shi Chaoyi.

到了這個時候，一切都很明瞭，新的王朝不可能存在太長時間。

By this time, it was clear that the new kingdom would not last long, and generals and soldiers alike started to defect to the Tang army.

將軍和士兵們開始向唐朝變節。

Finally after Luoyang was taken by the Tang forces for the second time, Shi Chaoyi committed suicide in 763, thus ending the 8—year long rebellion.

在唐朝第二次奪取了洛陽之後，史朝義於763年自殺，結束了爲期八年的叛亂。

The rebellion spanned the reigns of three emperors, starting during the reign of Xuanzong and ending during the reign of Daizong.

安史之亂跨越了三位皇帝的執政期，它開始於玄宗時期，結束於代宗年間。

The toll of dead and missing caused by the rebellion according to various sources, including suppression and famine, is estimated at 36 million, which was 2/3 of the total tax roll population.

根據不同的來源，由叛亂導致的傷亡和失散人數，包括鎮壓和饑荒，大約有36000000人，佔到了徵稅人口的三分之二。

Numerically, this was the highest death toll for any event for nearly 1200 years, until Worid War II surpassed it with over 62 million deaths.

從數字上來說，這是近1200年來死亡人數最多的事件，直到二戰時期的死亡人數超過其達到了62000000人。

The Tang Dynasty's desire for peace after this turbulent period also resulted in the pardoning of many rebels.

唐朝在這個動亂的年代之後對於和平的渴望導致其對於很多反叛的赦免。

Indeed, some were even given their own garrisons to command.

事實上，有些人甚至培養了自己的守衛部隊。

This effectively ended rule by the central government, with the emperor becoming only a puppet of sorts, set to do the strongest garrison’s bidding.

這在實際上使中央政府喪失了掌權，皇帝成爲了某種意義上的傀儡，開始聽從最強大的守衛部隊的命令。

In addition, by borrowing troops from neighboring tribes, the Tang Dynasty greatly lowered its prestige in the eyes of the barbarians, who eventually began raiding Tang settlements again.

不僅如此，因爲向鄰國借用軍隊，唐朝在蠻族人眼中的威望下降了，這使得蠻人再次開始襲擊唐朝的殖民地。

(So far had Tang power collapsed during the rebellion that Chang'an was briefly occupied by the Tibetan army in 764.)

（叛亂時期唐朝權力傾覆時，長安在764年幾乎被藏人軍隊佔領。）

Thus, the An-Shi Rebellion is regarded by most Chinese historians to be the turning point in the Tang Dynasty’s fortunes.

因此，安史之亂被大多是中國史學家認爲是唐朝命運的一個轉折點。

For the next 144 years the Tang ceased to exist in all but name, a far cry from the glory days under Taizong and Xuanzong.

在接下來的144年間唐朝其實已經不復存在，與太宗和玄宗時期的光輝相比有着天壤之別。