中英雙語話歷史 第45期:司馬家族和魏
The Sima family were a celebrated, old-established, and wide-ranging family from Henei (now Wen County in Henan) commandery.
Sima Yi’s elder brother Sima Lang had joined Cao Cao early in the civil war, and Sima Yi, who first held office at the puppet court of Han, followed his brother in 208 and served on the staff of Cao Cao* s headquarters.
司馬懿之兄司馬朗早年跟隨曹操東征西戰，司馬懿在漢朝供職，公元208年跟隨曹操，作爲曹操的軍師與吳、蜀交戰。In 217 Sima Yi became a member of the suite of Cao Pi , an Heir Apparent, and he was also evidently a personal friend of Cao Pi.
公元217年成爲太子曹丕的幕僚和私人好友。
When Cao Pi came to the throne, Sima Yi received steadily higher appointments.
曹丕就位後，司馬懿官就高位。A few months after Cao Pi ’s death in 226，Sima Yi took command in the field for the first time, driving back a secondary attack of Wu against Xiangy-ang, and in the following year he was given responsibility for military affairs on the Han River.
公元226年曹丕死後，由司馬懿指揮前線戰役，在襄陽打敗了東吳軍隊。次年，獨領軍權督戰漢水流域。Sima Yi proved to be an energetic and competent general. And during the rules of Cao Pi, Cao Rui and Cao Fang he held command in the south against Wu, against in the west Shu-Han and controlled the power of Wei government.
因其卓越的軍事政治指揮才能，連續輔佐曹丕、曹敷、曹芳三帝，對抗東吳和蜀漢。成爲魏國的實權人物。In 251, Sima Yi left his position to his eldest son Sima Shi, then forty years old. Sirria Shi embarked on a series of raids and campaigns against Wu and the non-Chinese people of the north, but he achieved no breakthrough.
魏嘉平三年(251)司馬懿卒，其子司馬師掌權，司馬師當時40歲，他率兵開展了一系列的伐吳和北方的少數民族的的戰役，但沒有很大突破。By 254 the emperor Cao Fang and supporters of the Cao family were threatening Sima Shi. Sima Shi, however, struck first, deposed Cao Fang, and set his cousin Cao Mao on the thro-neinstead.
公元254年，魏帝曹芳及其支持者危及了司馬師的地位，司馬師先發制人，廢曹芳，立其侄曹髦爲帝。In 260, there was one further conspiracy to preserve the dynasty, in which the twenty-four-year-old Emperor took a leading role, but it was defeated in a short skirmish, and Cao Mao was killed in the fighting. He was replaced by the last in the line of puppets, Cao Huan, and Sima Zhao could now concentrate upon the conquest of Shu-Han.
公元260年，24歲的魏帝曹髦發起了一場維權的鬥爭，經過短暫的激鬥，曹髦被殺，由曹奐即位。By 264 victory in the west was complete, and Sima Zhao took title as King of Jin. In the autumn of the year Sima Zhao died, he was succeeded by his eldest son Sima Yan, then thirty years old.
司馬昭放心南下征伐蜀漢，公元264年，打敗蜀後，自封爲晉王，同年秋司馬昭死，其子司馬炎時年30歲即位。That winter, on 4th of February 266, Sima Yan received the abdication of Cao Huan and took the imperial title for himself and remained Luoyang as capital which was the Western Jin Dynasty in Chinese history.
公元266年2月4日，司馬炎廢魏帝曹奐，改國號爲晉，都於洛陽，這就是中國歷史上的西晉王朝。So the final triumph of Wei over Shu-Han was also the occasion for the overthrow of the Cao’ s family and replacement by the Jin Dynasty of Sima Yan.
蜀漢戰爭的勝利也是推翻曹氏家族、開始司馬家族統治的歷史。At an early stage of the civil war, the warlords were concentrated on establishing efficient governing system and recovering the development of agriculture.
三國初期，各國主要致力於整頓吏治，恢復社會秩序和發展經濟。A-mong them Wei, in the north, especially gained excellent results.
其中以曹魏的成就比較突出。In about 196, Cao Cao established a number of “agricultural garrisons” (tuntian) in the neighbourhood of Xu Chang city, his chief headquarters. There was arable land nearby which had been abandoned by refugees and was available to the government. Therefore it was sensible and appropriate that surplus people should be allocated the empty fields.
公元196年，從曹操統一北方、在許昌（魏都）推廣屯田制，當時 有大量的土地因戰亂而荒廢，同時又有許多沒有土地的流民,用這些人來開墾閒散的土地是明智之舉。The distinctive point about the new system, however, was that the farmers maintained a direct relationship with the government, namely, they were granted supplies and material assistance, and that they returned a regular share of produce to the imperial granaries and treasury. This practice progressively recovered the agricultural development.
這一制度的好處在於農民和政府有了直接的聯繫，政府補貼和支持農民種地，農民向國家交糧、納稅，生產逐漸恢復。Meanwhile, Cao Cao reformed the bureaucratic practice since the Eastern Han, for example, he promoted people to important position on their merit' s rather than on their family background.
同時曹操又改革了東漢以來的許多弊政，推舉有能力的人來朝中做官而不是依靠家庭背景。As the chief minister of Kingdom of Shu, Zhuge Liang adhered to clear and strict laws and be fair and hard in meeting out rewards and punishment. He also worked hard to develop agricultural production in Sichuan. He appointed special officials in charge of the ancient Dujiang Weir and had many more water works built.
蜀國丞相諸葛亮法治嚴格，紀律嚴明，賞罰分明，此外還派人負責都江堰和許多灌溉設施的修建。For years of these practices, the agriculture and handicraft industry were restored and thriving. The kingdom of Shu was strengthened.
使蜀國農業和手工業逐步得到恢復和發展，國力增強。To secure a peaceful environment for the kingdom ,he took care to improve relations with the ethnic minorities inhabiting south west area(present-day Guizhou and Yunnan province) and therefore strengthened the ties between the Han people and these ethnic minorities.
特別是諸葛亮招撫西南夷（今貴州、雲南等地），使少數民族地區得到開發，加強了民族團結。The kingdom of Wu faced the most quick development of population after the land reclamation system and the building of irrigating works.
吳國由於實行屯田和興修水利，人口有很大增長。The Wu kingdom includes 43 cities and 313 counties which are far larger than that of in Han era and above all, Wu owned a powerful fleet and navy with the cultivating of farmland, the development of agriculture, Wu enjoyed a long period of tranquility.
吳東南地區很快得到開發，共得43郡313縣，比東漢時大大增強。吳國土地開闢，農業發展，政治穩定，航海業發達。The wars in Three Kingdoms period were different from the confusion wars at the end of the Han Dynasty in that the purpose of the war lied in the reunification of the imperial China .
三國時期雖然仍有不斷的戰爭，但已和東漢末期軍閥混戰的性質不同，是順應民心所向的統一戰爭。Among the famous wars there are Jing battle between Shu and Wu, Hanzhong battle in which Shu and Wei counteracted each other, the battle of Wei vanquished Shu and Jin dethroned Wu.
其中比較著名的有蜀、吳爭奪荊州的戰爭，蜀、魏爭奪漢中的戰爭，和魏滅蜀、晉滅吳的戰爭。Wei held the most formidable military strength among the three kingdoms, therefore committed the duty of reunification.
三國的軍事實力以魏國最強，因此統一戰爭的主要任務最後落在魏晉方面。In 280, when Sima Yan, the Emperor Wu of Jin, defeated Wu and unified China, three kingdoms eras ended.
晉武帝太康元年(280)，晉滅吳。至此，三國時代宣告終結。
