中英雙語話歷史 第44期:南方的吳國
With the acquisition of the territory in the far south, Sun Quan obtained a source of notable wealth, and secured his frontiers to the west and the north.
When Liu Bei died in 223, the government in Shu-Han, now controlled by the regent Zhuge Liang, confirmed the arrangement of peace and alliance with Wu.
劉備死後，輔臣諸葛亮遵守盟約與吳友好。Cao Cao made several attacks on the line of the Yangtze, but was compelled each time to withdraw.
曹操雖向長江流域發動進攻, 但都被迫撤回。
In 226 Cao Pi died, and the chief military attention shifted northwest to the frontier against Shu-Han along the Wei River valley (in present-day Shaanxi).
曹丕死後(226),戰爭中心轉移到蜀漢和渭河流域（今陝西境內）的西北境內。In this period of tranquility and prosperity, on 23 of June 229, Sun Quan assumed the imperial title for himself.
這期間，孫權於公元229年6月23日稱帝，南方的吳享受了一段時期的穩定。Sun Quan, also called Zhong Mou, was a fonder of Wu in the southeast. His father Sun Jian, a general in the service of Yuan Shu, was killed in campaign a-gainst Liu Biao and his forces were largely taken over by Yuan Shu.
孫權字仲謀，三國吳國的創建者，其父孫堅是效忠袁紹的大將，和劉表作戰時被殺，其兵力被袁紹接管。But a few years later, about 194, his son Sun Ce, then aged nineteen, took service with Yuan Shu. He was given command of some of the soldiers who had followed his father, and was sent to be in charge of the defence in south of the Yangtze River.
幾年後，約在194年，孫堅19歲的兒子孫策跟隨袁紹作戰，袁紹將孫堅的一些舊部分給孫策用來鎮守長江以南。Sun Ce established his position in the southeast essentially through his own remarkable military skill. In 198, at the age of twenty-three, he had declared independence from Yuan Shu, now a usurping emperor, and held control of Danyang, Wu and Guiji commanderies, (a stretch of territory from present-day Nanjing past Hangzhou Bay), including some outposts on the coast of Fujian.
孫策以其軍事能力很快贏得威望,198年，23歲的孫策脫離已自己稱帝的袁紹，佔領了丹陽、吳、會稽（今南 京、杭州灣一帶）和福建沿海等地，並以此爲根據地向西擴張。From this base Sun Ce extended his power westwards, and by 200 he had taken Yuzhang commandery (a-bout the present-day Poyang Lake in Jiangxi). In 200, soon after his conquest of Poyang, Sun Ce was assassinated by former retainers of a defeated local family from Wu.
200年，孫策攻佔玉章（今江西鄱陽湖）後不久被仇人所殺。Sun Ce was succeeded by his younger brother the eighteen-year-old Sun Quan.
其弟孫權，時年18歲，即位。Sun Quan swiftly established his authority in the territory his brother had left him.
孫權很快就建立起了自己的威望。By 203 he started to expand further to the west, and early in 208 he destroyed Huang Zhong, the subordinate commander of Liu Biao who controlled the territory about present-day Wuhan on the middle Yangtze River.
203年，他開始西征擴張土地,208年，他打敗劉表的大將黃忠，取得了現在位於長江中游地段的武漢等地。By the time of the Red Cliffs campaign, however, the state of Sun Quan was strong enough to hold off a direct attack from Cao Cao in the north.
赤壁之戰時,孫權已有能力抵禦來自北方曹操的進犯。With the help of Zhou Yu, Sun Quan allied with Liu Bei to defeat Cao Cao in Red Cliffs Campaign in 208, which secured his position as a kingdom in south to struggle with Cao Cao in the north and Liu Bei in the west.
孫權在一代名將周瑜的輔佐下，領導東吳在赤壁戰勝曹操，使天下成三國鼎立之勢，北拒曹操，西抗劉備。The consideration of survival gave urgency to the expansion into Jing province, culminating in the destruction of Guan Yu in 219 and the successful defence against Liu Bei*s attack in 222. At the same time, the government of Wu extended its influence into the far south.
爲了不坐以待斃，孫權於219年向荊州進攻，打敗關羽，又成功地抵禦了劉備222年的進攻，同時吳的疆域擴展到了更遠的南方。In 210, after the death of Liu Biao and the defeat of Cao Cao at the Red Cliffs, Sun Quan appointed his officer Bu Zhi as governor to Panyu, present-day Guangzhou. Bu Zhi established relations with Shi Xie, and Shi Xie agreed to be subject and send tribute to Sun Quan.
在210年劉表死後和赤壁之戰之後，孫權派官員簿直到番禺（今廣東）任太守，簿直與南方的石碣建立聯繫，石碣向吳國稱臣賦稅。Sun Quan did attempt to expand his empire beyond his immediate territory. He received emissaries from Fujian and other countries of the south, re-established a Chinese presence on Hainan island, and sent an expedition to Taiwan island.
此外，他還向本土以外擴展,他接受來自福建和其他南部地區的遣使，重建了大陸對海南的控制,還加強了與臺灣諸島的聯繫。During this period, the expansion of authority in the southeast was remarkable. By 280, within the territory of Wu, from the south of the Yangtze River to the north of Vietnam, the number of counties had doubled since the time of the Later Han.
在這一時期，吳在東南部的發展還是卓有成效的，到280年，吳的領地已從長江以南擴大到越南以北，是漢末時期的兩倍。The frontier had been transformed, and there were newly claimed settlements in present-day southern area of Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Fujian.
邊疆也有變化，領土包括新歸順的浙江以南、江西和福建。After the reign of more than fifty years, Sun Quan died in 262 and there were successive wars on the securing of throne.
在位50年之後，孫權於262年駕崩，其後人進行了一系列的王位爭奪戰。The reign of Sun Xiu was not particularly effective, and his death in 264 came just at the time the state of Shu-Han surrendered to Wei.
264年吳皇帝孫秀死時，蜀漢已降魏。In that period of emergency, Sun Hao, son of the former Heir Apparent Sun He aged in his early twenties, was chosen as an adult ruler who might restore the fortunes and energies of the state.
前太子孫和之子孫皓年已二十有幾，即位，但他也無力挽回滅亡的命運。He achieved, however, only limited success.
魏滅蜀之後，蜀吳聯盟不攻自破，吳國完全處於魏的包圍之中。In 265 Sima Yan, son of Sima Zhao, deposed Wei Emperor Cao Huan , claimed himself as emperor, settled Luoyang as capital which was referred as Jin Dynasty in Chinese history.
公元265年，司馬昭之子司馬炎廢魏帝曹奐，改國號爲晉，定都洛陽，這就是歷史上的西晉王朝，司馬炎時爲晉武帝。In 280 Sun Hao was compelled to surrender to the Jin of the Sima family, hence a short unification of the whole country arrived.
公元280年,晉軍攻克建業，孫皓面縛請降，至此西晉統一全國。
