中英雙語話史記 第129期:清朝衰落

Qing Dynasty

清朝

Fall of the Qing Dynasty

清朝的衰落

Mass civil disorder had also begun and continuously grown.

大規模的國內混亂產生並不斷升級。

Cixi and the Guangxu emperor both died in 1908, leaving a relatively powerless and unstable central authority.

慈禧太后和光緒皇帝均於1908年去世，留下了一個相對來說無能和不穩定的中央政權。

The Puyi, eldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Chun, was appointed successor at age two, leaving Zaifeng with the regency.

醇親王載灃的大兒子溥儀在兩歲時被任命爲皇位繼承人，這使得載灃成爲了攝政王。

This was followed by the dismissal of General Yuan Shikai from his former positions of power.

這件事發生在大將軍袁世凱從其之前的官位上被解僱以後。

In mid 1911 Zaifeng created the “ Imperial Family Cabinet”, a ruling council of the Imperial Government almost entirely consisting of Aisin Gioro relatives.

1911年中期，載灃創建了“皇族內閣”，這是帝國政府的一個統治機構，裏面的官員幾乎全部都是愛新覺羅家族的人。

This brought a wide range of negative opinion from senior officials like Zhang Zhidong.

這導致了很多高級官員的不滿，比如張之洞。

The Wuchang Uprising succeeded on October 10th, 1911, and was followed by a proclamation of a separate central government, the Republic of China, in Nanjing with Sun Yat-sen as its provisional head.

武昌起義於1911年10月10日成功，接着一個獨立的中央政府——中華民國成立了，它定都南京，孫中山爲臨時大總統。

Numerous provinces began “separating” from Qing control.

一大批省區開始從清朝的通知中分離開來。

Seeing a desperate situation unfold, the Qing government brought an unwilling Yuan Shikai back to military power, taking control of his Beiyang Army, with the initial goal of crushing the revolutionaries.

看見這個令人絕望的局面，清朝政府勉強將軍權還給了袁世凱，他掌管了北洋軍隊，企圖鎮壓革命。

After taking the position of Prime Minister (內閣總理大臣）and creating his own cabinet, Yuan went as far as to ask for the removal of Zaifeng from the regency.

在當上內閣總理大臣並創立了自己的內閣之後，袁世凱命令載灃辭去攝政王的職位。

This removal later proceeded with directions from Empress Dowager Longyu.

這場免職之後由皇太后隆裕領導。

With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics.

載灃被免職後，袁世凱和他的北洋軍閥們有效地控制了清朝的政治。

He reasoned that going to war would be unreasonable and costly, especially when noting that the Qing Government had a goal for constitutional monarchy.

他解釋說參戰是不理智且耗費錢的，尤其是在清政府準備實行君主立憲制的時候。

Similarly, Sun Yat-sen’s government wanted Republican consititutional reform, both aiming for the benefit of China’s economy and populace.

同樣的，孫中山的政府也希望進行共和憲制的改革，渴望改革爲中國的經濟和人民帶來好處。

With permission from Empress Dowager Longyu, Yuan began negotiating with Sun Yat-sen, who decided that his goal had been achieved in forming a republic, and that therefore he could allow Yuan to step into the position of President of the Republic.

經過太后隆裕的批准，袁世凱開始和孫中山孫中山談判，袁世凱決定他的目的在於成立一個共和國，因此他可以同意孫中山擔任共和國的大總統。