中印在霧霾籠罩下開始氣候談判
China and India have greeted the start of climate change talks in Paris with their capitals enshrouded in thick brown smog, a product of runaway economic growth.
中國和印度投入巴黎氣候變化談判之際，兩國首都均籠罩着濃濃的褐色霧霾，這是快速經濟增長的產物。
In Beijing and New Delhi, both plagued by smog for much of the past month, children have been kept indoors at schools and sales of air filter and face masks have boomed
北京和新德里在過去一個月的大部分日子都受到霧霾困擾，學校只能讓孩子們待在教室裏，空氣過濾器和口罩暢銷。
High levels of vehicle and industrial emissions have combined with smoke from heating in north China, and in northern India with agricultural fires.
車輛和工業的大量排放在中國北方與供暖產生的煙結合在一起，在印度北方則與農業燃燒產生的污染物結合在一起。
The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur has called for urgent measures to upgrade fuel standards. The government, however, appears reluctant to confront India’s powerful automotive industry. Low-grade diesel and poor emissions standards among the country’s growing truck fleet are leading causes of smog in India.
印度理工學院坎普爾分校(Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur)呼籲採取緊急措施以提高燃料標準。不過，印度政府似乎不願得罪該國強大的汽車產業。隨着印度的卡車保有量不斷上升，其劣質柴油和糟糕排放標準是印度霧霾的頭號元兇。
In Beijing, the smog worsened after the environment ministry announced it had achieved its five-year pollution targets six months early. Research from one state-backed institute suggests the ministry has undercounted emissions of sulphur dioxide by about half.
在北京，就在中國環保部宣佈提前六個月達到當前五年規劃的減少污染指標後，霧霾狀況有所惡化。有政府後臺的一個機構的研究似乎表明，環保部將二氧化硫排放量低估了大約一半。
The research highlights the difficulty China faces even quantifying its pollution problem, given the challenge of obtaining accurate statistics. Beijing has pledged to rein in its carbon emissions so that they stop growing by 2030, despite not having published an official estimate of emissions since 2005.
這項研究突顯出，鑑於獲得準確統計數據的挑戰，中國即使是在量化污染問題方面也面臨困難。北京方面已承諾遏制中國的碳排放量，使其最遲在2030年停止增長——儘管中國自2005年起從未發佈官方的排放量估算值。
A study by the China Environment Chamber of Commerce shows China emitted about 30m tonnes of SO2 last year, up from 25m tonnes in 2005, based on calculations of coal use by non-power generators such as metals smelters and factories. That contrasts with official figures that SO2 emissions fell to 19m tonnes last year.
中華全國工商業聯合會環境服務業商會(China Environment Chamber of Commerce)的一項研究顯示，根據非發電企業（如金屬冶煉廠和工廠）的煤炭使用量計算，去年中國排放了約3000萬噸二氧化硫，高於2005年2500萬噸的排放量。這與顯示去年二氧化硫排放量降至1900萬噸的官方數字形成對比。
The chamber’s calculations take into account a 1.1bn tonne increase in the use of coal by the non-power sector over the past 10 years. Official statistics often undercount sectors dominated by private industry because of their reliance on reporting by state-owned enterprises. This year, China revised up by about 14 per cent the amount of coal it had consumed between 2000 and 2013.
環境商會的計算計入了非電力行業在過去10年期間新增的11億噸煤炭使用量。官方統計數字依賴國有企業的報告，因而往往低估了民營企業占主導地位的行業的排放量。就在今年，中國把2000年至2013年期間的煤炭使用量調高了大約14%。
China has invested in scrubbers to clean emissions at its power generation plants and big steel mills. Complex plans to curb carbon emissions include shutting boilers at factories and moving heavy industry to regions, where there is “room to pollute”.
中國已在國內發電廠和大型鋼廠投資安裝洗滌器以清洗排氣。遏制碳排放量的複雜計劃涉及關停工業鍋爐和把重工業轉移到有“污染空間”的地區。
