雙語科技百科(工程建築) 第80期:《營造法式》
Yingzao Fashi
Yingzao Fashi , the first official treatise on architecture and craftsmanship, plays an immeasurable role in the research on ancient architecture, the development of architecture in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the probing into the architectural structures, project decoration methods and the construction organization and management in the Song and its ensuing Dynasties. The treatise was written by the well-known architect Li Jie in the third year of Yuanfu of the Song Dynasty, namely in 1100, and published and applied in the second year of Congning, i. e. in 1103. Various architectural criteria are standardized in the book, and the requirements of such aspects as the construction designs, materials, structures and quota of numerous kinds of architecture specified in detail. The book, with a total of 34 chapters, is divided int0 5 sections, viz. the explanations of the architectural terms, regulations for various types of work, labor quota for various types of work, material quota for various types of work and drawings, along with one chapter of the illustrations of the theoretical or historical bases of some regulations and one chapter of the table of contents respectively at the beginning of the book. It is a collection and summary of the architectural designs and construction experiences at the time, exerting a far-reaching influence upon the later generations. The precursor of the book, Yuanyou Fashi , was written in the sixth year of Yuanyou (1091) , but could not set strict regulations on the construction proportions and materials , owing to the lack of specifying the modular system , namely the ways of using " cai" ; there was still great arbitrariness as to the architectural design and construction. Li Jie, under the order of the emperor, rewrote the book. He, based on the abundant experiences accumulated in his ten years of building projects, referred to a great number of relevant documents and old rules and regulations, and gleaned the operating specifications and hang of various types of work told by the craftsmen, thus completing Yingzao Fashi which has come down to the present day.
《營造法式》是中國第一部詳細論述建築工藝的官方著作。對於古建築研唐宋建築的發展，考察宋及以後的建築形制、工程裝修做法、當時的施工組織管理，具有無可估量的作用。此書於宋元符三年( 1100)編成，崇寧二年(1103)刊印施行。由著名建築學家李誡所做。書中規範了各種建築做法，詳細規定了各種建築施工設計、用料、結構、定額等方面的要求。全書共計34章分爲5個部分：釋名、各作制度、功限、料例和圖樣，前面還有“看樣”和目錄各一章。是當時建築設計與施工經驗的集合與總結，並對後世產生深遠影響。原書《元裙法式》於元祜六年(1091)編成，但因爲沒有規定模數制，也就是“材”的用法，而不能對構建比例、用料做出嚴格的規定，建築設計、施工仍具有很大的隨意性。李誡奉皇帝命重新編著此書，他以個人十餘年來修建工程之豐富經驗爲基礎，參閱大量文獻和舊有的規章制度，收集工匠講述的各工種操作規程、技術要領等，終於編成流傳至今的這本《營造法式》。
