10個關於犯罪行爲的生物學解釋(下)

ting Crime With Health And Fitness

3.健康與健身打擊犯罪

A mother drinking or smoking while pregnant can double or triple the odds of her baby becoming a violent offender later in life.

若女性在懷孕期間吸菸或酗酒，則其寶寶日後變成暴力罪犯的機率將會擴大兩倍或三倍。

Lead exposure may also influence adult behavior. Poor nutrition at age three has been shown to cause more aggressive and antisocial behavior in the teenage years.

另外，鉛暴露也會影響成人的行爲。若兒童三歲時營養不良，則其在青少年時期會表現得更加好鬥、孤僻。

With so many studies linking a child's environment to violent crime later in life, some are questioning if we can manipulate biology to prevent it.

這麼多研究都把兒童的生活環境和其日後的暴力犯罪聯繫起來，有些還在疑惑我們是否能運用生物學來阻止犯罪行爲。

Scientists are studying the effects of "biological intervention" to combat crime later in life. It doesn't have to involve medication.

科學家正在研究“生物干預”的效應，藉此在以後打擊犯罪。而且，這種干預無需藥物治療。

Studies have shown that better nutrition, more exercise, and cognitive stimulation from ages three to five reduces crime at age 23 by 35 percent.

研究表明，若兒童在三歲到五歲期間攝入更多的營養，進行更多的鍛鍊，得到更多的認知刺激，那麼他/她23時犯罪的概率就會降低35%。

When nurses visit poor mothers and provide advice to reduce smoking and alcohol consumption, juvenile delinquency is cut in half 15 years later.

要是護士去探望那些糟糕的孕媽並給她們提供少煙少酒的建議，那麼15年後青少年犯罪的機率就會減少一半。

Adults can be affected by nutrition, too. Studies in England and the Netherlands showed that supplementing the diets of young prisoners with omega-3, which is critical for proper brain structure and function, has reduced the incidence of serious crimes by 35 percent.

營養也會對成人造成影響。英國和荷蘭的研究表明，給少年犯的膳食補充歐米伽-3脂肪酸有助於減少35%的嚴重犯罪事件，這種物質對正常大腦的結構及其功能有着至關重要的作用。

Studies like these suggest that reducing the likelihood of a child developing into an adult criminal may be as easy as providing good nutrition and avoiding toxins.

諸如此類的研究都表明，降低兒童長成成年罪犯的概率可能就跟保證營養、避免毒素這類事情一樣容易。

2.A Matter Of The Heart

2.心臟問題

Studies have shown that teens with a low resting heart rate may be at risk of becoming violent offenders when they become adults.

研究表明，低靜息心率的青少年在長大成人之後極有可能成爲“暴力犯罪者”。

In Sweden, military service was mandatory until 2009. Among other tests, every young man had his heart rate measured when he was about 18.

在瑞典，直到2009年爲止，服兵役都還是強制性的。在兵役測試項目中，每一個年輕人在其18歲時都要接受心率測試。

Researchers analyzed this data and divided the men into five groups based on their heart rate.

研究人員分析了這些數據，並根據他們的心率將其分爲五組。

Surprisingly, those men with resting heart rates of no more than 60 beats per minute were 39 percent more likely to be convicted of a violent crime over the next few decades than the men with the highest heart rates of 83 or more beats per minute. Those violent crimes included murder, assault, and arson.

出人意料的是，那些心率低於60次/分鐘的人與那些心率高於83/分鐘相比，在將來的幾十年中，前者比後者更有可能成爲暴力犯罪者，確切的說，前者比後者多出了39%的可能性。上面所提及的“暴力事件”包括謀殺、襲擊和縱火。

The group with the lowest resting heart rates was also 25 percent more likely to commit nonviolent crimes like drug use and 39 percent more likely to be injured by an assault or in an accident.

五組之中，靜息心率最低的那一組，其中25%的人會去實施一些“非暴力犯罪事件”例如吸毒，而39%的人更容易在襲擊或意外事件中手上。

To explain this, researchers have suggested that a person with a low resting heart rate may have unusually low levels of psychological arousal, meaning that they feel less awake and alert.

爲了證實以上理論，研究人員認爲，那些低靜息心率人羣的心理衝動水平與常人相較，異常低下，也就是說，他們可能沒有常人那般清醒、警覺。

This may lead them to seek stimulating experiences like risky behaviors and crime.

這也許就是導致他們尋求“刺激經歷”例如一系列冒險行爲和犯罪活動的原因之一。

It may also mean that they have less of a reaction to mildly stressful experiences like getting your heart rate checked, which would mean that they are more fearless and prone to taking risks.

這也就意味着“輕微的緊張經歷”無法“滿足”他們，他們也不會因此去“確認”自己當時的心率，也就是說，他們實施“冒險事件”的恐懼感弱於常人，其犯罪的傾向性則強於常人。

's Not All Genetic

1.遺傳問題

While a person's biology may influence whether he becomes a criminal, it's not all about a person's genes.

人的先天生物結構也許會對其日後“是否會犯罪”產生一定的影響，但其實，基因也並不是絕對的決定因素。

As we mentioned earlier, scientist Jim Fallon was researching the minds of serial killers and psychopaths when he discovered that his brain scan was like that of a psychopathic serial killer.

正如我們前文提到的，科學家吉姆·法倫在研究連環殺手與精神病患者的大腦活動時，竟發現他自己的腦部掃描顯像正是一個精神錯亂的連環殺手無疑！

Assuming Fallon wasn't secretly murdering dozens of people, this type of finding suggests that genetic factors may only predispose a person to violence and psychopathic tendencies.

假設法倫沒有祕密殺死數十人，此類研究結果則可表明，遺傳因素也許只是會讓某人先天具備實施暴力和心理變態的傾向。

When he realized that he had the mind of a killer, Fallon continued the experiment to check for other factors that are consistent with criminal behavior.

當他意識到自己擁有“殺手意識”時，他選擇繼續進行他的研究，以求證符合罪犯“犯罪行爲”的其它因素。

His hypothesis was that killers often experience abuse or violence in their childhoods. For example, Ted Bundy was raised by his grandparents and originally thought that his mother was his sister.

法倫提出假設，他認爲那些連環殺手在其童年時期，通常遭受過嚴重創傷，比如虐待或目睹殘酷暴力。例如泰德·邦迪，他由他的祖父母撫養長大。祖父母以他的父母自居，而他的生母則扮演他的“姐姐”。

Once the truth was revealed, his cousin tormented him with that fact. His grandfather was also prone to violence.

但是後來事情真相敗露，他的堂兄弟便不停拿這個“事實”去折磨他。此外，他的外祖父也有暴力傾向。

However, Fallon had grown up in a loving, caring household, which he thinks made all the difference.

然而，法倫本人卻擁有一個充滿愛心和關懷的家庭大環境，這也是在他的研究中他所認爲的最至關重要的一點。

He's a prime example of how neither biology nor environmental factors can solely determine a person's fate.

所以說，單靠先天遺傳因素和後天環境因素二者之一，並不能完全決定一個人的命運，法倫就是一個最好的例子。