雅思考試口語話題素材之經濟增長

雅思口語備考的過程中，掌握足夠的素材是非常重要的。現在的雅思口語素材多種多樣，很多考生看花了眼，也不知道如何備考。今天我們就爲大家整理了雅思考試口語話題素材之經濟增長，一起來了解一下吧。

Where does growth come from? Why do some countries emerge and take ondeveloped status while others flounder before reaching that stage?

Some once unlikely candidates have emerged as powerful economies. SouthKorea grew in two generations from a peasant economy devastated by war to afully paid-up member of the developed world. Others far better placed havestumbled.

This is not simply a question of natural resources or of educationalsystems. Research led by Ricardo Hausmann at Harvard suggests growth is “drivenby knowledge – at the level of society, not the individual”.

The first question asks what a society knows how to do. The follow-up iswhether this knowhow can be applied in new areas. If people are already skilledin one area, are there other industries in which their skills can easily beapplied?

The research involved producing the so-called Atlas of Economic Complexity(a simplified version can be viewed at www.ft.com/authersnote), examining howknowhow forms clusters among industries. Big groups form around garments – wheremany successful emerging markets started their ascent – construction, machinery,chemicals and electronics. All need skills readily transferable to othersectors.

Outlying clusters involve natural resources. Countries blessed with oil ormineral wealth can do well for a while. But extractive industries do not involveexpertise that can easily be transferred to other things. Unless countriesdeliberately build new areas of expertise with the cash they generate from theirminerals, they will regress when the money runs out. So Mr Hausmann endorses thenotion of an oil curse . Leaders in countries that can get all the wealth theyneed from the ground under their feet tend to grow complacent and avoidnecessary reforms.

This might explain why South Korea, with little mineral wealth, grew sofast, while Mexico, endowed with what in the 1970s appeared to be among theworld’s biggest oil supplies, lapsed into stagnation.

The next stage is to spot the nations best positioned to improve. Thewinners run counter to market wisdom.

Mexico, an underperformer of the last generation, shows up as the LatinAmerican economy best positioned for growth. Brazil, recently an investordarling, shows up poorly. Why?

Mexico is better positioned, according to Mr Hausmann, because it hasdiversified, into aircraft, information technology and so on. After thefinancial crises of the 1980s and 1990s showed that it could not live on oilalone, Mexico invested in manufacturing and assembly companies on its borderwith the US.

This was a crude play on cheap labour, piecing together imported parts andsending them back across the border. But these industries are well connected.With these skills, it becomes easier for Mexico to diversify into otherindustries, from car manufacturing to electronics, and to take on more stages ofthe production process.

以上就是爲大家整理的雅思考試口語話題素材之經濟增長的相關內容，希望能夠對大家的備考有所幫助。口語的備考需要掌握的內容非常的多，不僅有詞彙語法，還要掌握足夠多的話題素材，只有這樣在考試的時候才能夠取得好的成績。