川普爲什麼愛用這7種表情？

特朗普的面部表情和肢體語言是出了名的做作誇張，演講臺上的他堪稱移動的表情包。近日，《衛報》總結了特朗普最具有代表性的7種面部表情，並且從心理學的角度分析了這些表情的背後意義以及它們如何幫助特朗普吸引眼球。一起來看看錶情帝特朗普的心理學戰術吧。

A great deal of Donald Trump's political success can be put down to his body language and the unusual ways he uses his face. The first thing we notice about Trump's facial expressions is the sheer variety. The second is their dramatic, often over-stated character. This was evident before and during the presidential election. But what are Trump's signature facial expressions, and what do they tell us about him?
特朗普的政治成功很大程度上可以歸功於其肢體語言和與衆不同的面部表情。首先，我們發現他的面部表情非常豐富。其次，這些面部表情都很做作誇張。這一點在大選前和大選期間都非常明顯。但是特朗普最有特色的面部表情是什麼？你知道這些表情向我們透露什麼？

1. Alpha face
阿爾法表情

During the campaign, Trump eclipsed Clinton in the macho stakes. He did this by adopting an "alpha face" of lowered brows, narrowed eyes and a firmly set mouth. This expression is the antithesis of submissiveness. Psychologists have discovered that smiling men are widely perceived as less dominant and that powerful men show reduced levels of smiling. Individuals who want to demonstrate that they are not a threat are more likely to raise their eyebrows, widen their eyes and flash a smile – the precise opposite of what Trump does in this effort to remind everyone that he is not the kind of guy you can push around.
論氣勢，特朗普在競選過中蓋過了希拉里。他壓低眉毛、眯起眼睛、嘴角僵硬，用盛氣凌人的“阿爾法表情”壓制了希拉里。心理學家發現，人們普遍認爲愛笑的男性沒那麼強勢，而有權有勢的男性較少微笑。當人們想表示自己不具有威脅時，會挑起眉毛，睜大眼睛，露出微笑——特朗普所做的恰恰相反，這是爲了提醒所有人他不是那種任人擺佈的人。

2. Angry face
憤怒的表情

Most politicians, when they are angry, will allow themselves a modicum of indignation. That's not enough for Trump. When he's incensed, he pulls out all the stops and produces a larger-than-life spectacle of fury - eyes narrowed, brows tightly knitted together, mouth open and jaw tense. It is tempting to think that Trump's outbursts come from a lack of inhibition, but their true source is more likely to be his realisation that exhibitions of anger reinforce an impression of dominance. This is certainly in line with research by psychologists, which shows that people with a strong sense of entitlement, or who see themselves as powerful and unchallenged, are more ready to engage in public displays of anger than others.
大部分政客在生氣時會表現出些許憤慨。但特朗普不滿足於此。當他被激怒時，他會眯眼皺眉、大張嘴巴、繃緊下巴，使盡渾身解數做出極其誇張的憤怒表情。人們很容易認爲特朗普發火是因爲缺乏自制力，但真正的原因很可能是他知道表現憤怒會深化他的強勢形象。這點與心理學家的研究相吻合，研究發現一個權利意識很強的人、或者認爲自己有權有勢、無可匹敵的人比其他人更容易在公衆面前表現憤怒。

3. Chin-jut
下頜微擡

One of the ways that Trump tries to look like a tough politician is by jutting out his chin. The chin-jut relies on the fact that men with bigger chins have higher levels of testosterone and, partly for this reason, are more likely to reach positions of power. In a study at West Point military academy in the US, for example, it was discovered that male cadets who had larger chins were more likely to reach the rank of general in later life than their small-chinned peers. By using the chin-jut, Trump is taking full advantage of this fact – tilting his head back, thrusting out his lower jaw and attempting to give the impression that he deserves to be in charge.
特朗普試圖讓自己看起來像一位強勢政治家的方法之一是微擡下巴。這是因爲下頜大的男性睾丸素含量更高，在一定程度上，這樣的男人更有可能獲得權力。比如，美國西點軍事學院的一項研究發現，與下巴小的同伴相比，下頜較大的學員日後更有可能獲得上將軍銜。特朗普充分利用了這點——他向後仰頭，微擡下巴，試圖給人一種應該由他做主的印象。

4. Big smile
燦爛的笑容

Although Trump instinctively recognises the demeaning potential of smiling, there are occasions when he is prepared to throw caution to the wind and give a full-blown smile, with his teeth on display and wrinkles around the corners of the eyes - the latter being the feature that defines a genuine as opposed to a fake display of happiness. Trump tends to produce these beaming smiles when he is in a convivial setting and when he doesn't feel the need to look like a leader, or when he is with people whose company he enjoys - as demonstrated by his post-election photograph with Nigel Farage.
雖然特朗普本能地認爲微笑似乎有失身份，但是他也會在一些場合放鬆警惕，展開笑容，亮出牙齒，笑到眼角露出皺紋。與皮笑肉不笑相比，笑容滿面讓人感到真誠。特朗普一般在交際以及不需要像個領導人時、或者和喜歡的人在一起時會露出熱情的笑容。大選後他與奈傑爾•法拉奇的合照證明了這一點。

5. Zipped smile
抿嘴微笑

This is the smile that Trump defaults to when he is in the public eye: the mouth is closed and the teeth remain hidden. That's because the risorius muscles, which pull the corners of the mouth sideways, are much more active in this case than the zygomatic major muscles, which pull the corners of the mouth upwards and are otherwise involved in a full-blown smile. The result of this is that the zipped smile appears more guarded – and because the mouth is stretched sideways, it makes the face look slightly wider.
嘴巴緊閉、笑不露齒是特朗普在公衆面前常見的微笑。這是因爲抿嘴笑時，向兩側拉伸嘴角的笑肌比向上拉伸嘴角讓笑容綻放的顴大肌更活躍。抿嘴微笑看起來更慎重，且嘴向兩側拉伸使臉部看起來略寬。

There could be several reasons why Trump is so attached to the zipped smile. One is that it makes him look less submissive. By avoiding a full-blown smile, he is able to appear circumspect, while keeping his options open - something he evidently likes to do.
特朗普之所如此鍾情於抿嘴微笑有幾個原因。其中之一是這讓他看起來不那麼唯唯諾諾。避免笑容滿面讓他顯得謹慎，卻又給自己留有餘地——這顯然是他喜歡做的事。

Trump might also be unconsciously attracted to the zipped smile because it increases the apparent width-to-height ratio of his face, which in turn makes him look more masculine and macho. Psychologists have consistently shown that men with a high facial width-to-height ratio are not only seen as tougher and more attractive, they also have higher levels of testosterone and are actually more competitive.
特朗普也可能在不知不覺中就想要抿嘴微笑，因爲這樣增加了面部寬高比，讓他看起來更加陽剛且有男子氣概。心理學家一貫認爲，面部寬高之比高的男性不僅看起來更強壯、有魅力，而且他們的睾丸素水平更高，實際競爭力更強。

6. Puckered chin
縮下頜

Some of Trump's zipped smiles are straightforward, but a large proportion of them are accompanied by a puckerechin. These are what psychologists call "blended facial expressions". The presence of this additional facial expression is quite significant because people often pull their chins in when they feel threatened - it's a way of tensing the chin in anticipation of being symbolically punched in the face. The fact that a puckered chin features in so many of Trump's zipped smiles suggests that he frequently feels threatened. Because zipped smiles are so effective at capturing people’s attention, they provide a perfect vehicle for Trump to disguise his feelings of vulnerability.
特朗普有時只是單純抿嘴微笑，但大部分時候，他在笑的同時還會縮下巴。心理學家稱之爲“複合面部表情”。這一附加的面部表情的意義很重要，人經常會在感受到威脅時縮下巴——這是預計自己會被“打臉”時繃緊下巴的一種方式。特朗普在抿嘴微笑時多次縮下巴說明他時常感受到威脅。因爲抿嘴微笑非常引人注意，所以這成爲特朗普掩飾其脆弱情感的最佳方式。

7. Exaggerated mouth
誇張的嘴型

You can't help notice the way Trump protrudes and contorts his mouth. In fact, his lips appear to have an almost prehensile quality, as if they were an extra pair of hands, reaching out from his face to manipulate the world around him. There are, however, at least two explanations we might consider. One is that Trump amplifies his lip movements because he is not completely convinced that people fully understand what he's saying. Studies have shown that when mothers are talking to their infants, they often protrude their lips and make exaggerated mouth movements in an attempt to make themselves better understood.
你會忍不住注意特朗普撅嘴和咧嘴的樣子。事實上，他的嘴脣似乎可以纏繞起來，就像是臉上長出的兩隻手，操縱着周圍的世界。而我們至少可以從兩點來看待這一表情。一是特朗普放大其嘴部動作是因爲他不完全相信人們充分理解了他的話。研究表明，當媽媽和嬰兒說話時，她們常常撅起嘴巴，做出誇張的嘴型以試圖讓嬰兒更好的理解。

It is also conceivable that Trump's exaggerated mouth movements are simply another example of a generalised strategy that involves using "supernormal stimuli" to attract attention to himself. Recent research on humans suggests that, like birds and fish, we too have an innate orienting reflex to supernormal stimuli, and that we respond more powerfully to things that are larger-than-life, whether in the realm of luxury goods, food or sex. Maybe Trump's mouth movements - together with his histrionic hand gestures and overstated opinions - are all unknowingly designed to capitalise on this human reaction.
特朗普誇張的嘴型也可能是一種廣義上的戰術，即用“超常刺激”來博取人們的注意力。近日一項人類研究顯示，與鳥、魚一樣，人類對於奢侈品、食物、性等方面的“超常刺激”也具有天生的定向反射，對於惹人注目的事物反應更加強烈。也許特朗普的嘴型及其做作的手勢和誇張的言辭都在不知不覺間利用了人類的自然反應。

So which facial expressions will Trump opt for during his inauguration? Will he try to present himself as a tough guy by putting on his alpha face and jutting out his chin, or will he embrace everyone with a big smile, or possibly even a zipped smile, with or without a puckered chin? Whatever happens, Trump's face is sure to provide important clues about his attitude to the occasion and what is going through his mind. Having chosen to be everyone's face, there's really nowhere for him to hide.
那麼特朗普會在就職典禮上選擇哪種表情呢？他會微揚下巴，擺出阿爾法表情以強勢的形象現身，或是用燦爛的微笑面對所有人，還是縮下巴或不縮下巴的抿嘴微笑？無論發生什麼，特朗普的表情一定會顯示他對就職典禮的態度，以及他腦中的想法。既然選擇當一個公衆人物，那他真的無處可藏。