告別曼德拉: 你曾是和平與正義的象徵(1)

Nelson Mandela, who rose from militant antiapartheid activist to become the unifying president of a democratic South Africa and a global symbol of racial reconciliation, died at his Johannesburg home following a lengthy stay at a Pretoria hospital, President Jacob Zuma said Thursday. He was 95.

南非總統祖馬(Jacob Zuma)週四宣佈，納爾遜?曼德拉(Nelson Mandela)在位於約翰內斯堡的家中去世，享年95歲。曼德拉曾是積極投身反種族隔離制度的活動人士，後來成爲在實現了民主的南非使各方團結在一起的總統。同時他也是全球種族和解的一個象徵。曼德拉去世前在比勒陀利亞的一家醫院長期住院治療。

'He passed on peacefully,' Mr. Zuma said in a state television address. 'This is a moment of our deepest sorrow. Our nation has lost its greatest son.'

祖馬在國有電視臺發表講話說，他平靜地走了，此時此刻我們悲痛萬分。我們的國家失去了它最偉大的兒子。

Mr. Mandela spent nearly three months in the hospital through September, initially to treat a lung infection. It was the latest in a series of increasingly severe ailments South Africa's first black president had battled since contracting tuberculosis during his nearly three decades in prison for opposing the former white-minority regime.

在截至9月份的近三個月中，曼德拉一直在住院治療，最初是因爲肺部感染。這位南非首位黑人總統曾因反對少數白人執掌的前政府而入獄，在近30年的牢獄生涯中，曼德拉染上了肺結核，之後一直在與一系列不斷加重的病痛作鬥爭。

After he was discharged, South African officials had said that Mr. Mandela remained in 'critical but stable' condition. But some members of his family acknowledged his precarious state in recent days, even as an admiring nation and well-wishers across the globe started to come to terms with his mortality.

曼德拉出院後，南非官員曾說，曼德拉仍處於“危急但穩定”的狀態。但對其充滿敬仰的全國人民和全球支持者開始不得不接受他病危的事實，同時他的一些家人近日承認他的病情危重。

Though Mr. Mandela had stepped down from the presidency in 1999, he remained a father figure for a country going through wrenching economic and political change. South Africa's economy has struggled to grow at a modest 2%, well below government targets of 7%, and unemployment among young people is close to 80%. In recent years, protests in predominantly black townships have erupted over poor public services and a dearth of job opportunities. Many young black South Africans, born after the dawn of democracy in 1994, are channeling their frustration toward the current government, led by Mr. Mandela's African National Congress.

儘管曼德拉1999年卸任總統之職，但在經歷了艱難的經濟和政治變革的南非，他仍是一個國父般的人物。南非的經濟增速只有2%，遠遠低於政府提出的7%的目標，年輕人失業率接近80%。近年來，在居民主要爲黑人的城鎮，圍繞糟糕的公共服務和就業機會的缺乏爆發了抗議活動。南非很多在1994年實現民主制後出生的黑人年輕人開始將失望的情緒發泄到現政府頭上。現政府由曼德拉的非洲人國民大會黨(African National Congress, 簡稱：非國大)領導。

It was as a prisoner that Mr. Mandela first became a rallying point for opponents of apartheid. After he was sentenced to life in prison in 1964, he spent more than a quarter-century behind bars, much of it in a maximum-security prison on Robben Island, off the coast of Cape Town.

曼德拉在獄中開始成爲反種族隔離人士的號召力人物。1964年他被判終身監禁後，在獄中度過了逾四分之一個世紀的歲月，其中大部分時間被關押在開普敦附近羅本島(Robben Island)上一個戒備森嚴的監獄裏。

By the time he was released from a different prison in 1990, the tables had been turned. South Africa had become a pariah nation and Mr. Mandela would lead his country's re-embrace of a world that had spurned its racist government.

到1990年他在另外一個監獄被釋放時，局勢已經扭轉。南非已經成爲一個不受歡迎的國家，曼德拉將領導他的國家迎來一個推翻了種族主義政府的世界。

With South African President F.W. de Klerk, whom he had met secretly with other apartheid officials in prison, Mr. Mandela would pick apart the machinery of white political domination through painstaking negotiations. Those negotiations laid the groundwork for the election in 1994 of the country's first black president-Mr. Mandela himself.

由於德克勒克(F.W. de Klerk)當時擔任南非總統，曼德拉願通過艱苦談判來廢除這部白人統治政壇的機器。德克勒克與其他反種族隔離官員曾在獄中祕密會見過曼德拉。那些談判爲1994年南非誕生第一位黑人總統──曼德拉本人，奠定了基礎。

Mr. Mandela inherited a fractured nation. He led it back from the brink of civil war, forming a government of national unity that demolished apartheid and established a constitution that is one of the most liberal in the world in terms of human rights-outlawing, for example, discrimination based on sexual h Africa later became the first country on the continent to legalize gay marriage.

曼德拉接手的是一個四分五裂的國家。他將這個國家從內戰的邊緣拉了回來，建立了一個全國統一政府，廢除了種族隔離制度，制定了新憲法。從人權角度而言，這是世界上最自由的憲法之一，例如禁止以性取向歧視他人。南非後來成爲非洲大陸第一個將同性戀婚姻合法化的國家。

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission he championed hastened the end of racial conflict by granting amnesty in return for testimony, and became a model for ending seemingly intractable conflicts elsewhere. East Timor, Liberia and Peru were among the countries that would follow South Africa's example.

曼德拉支持的真相與和解委員會(Truth and Reconciliation Commission)以特赦換真相的方式加速了南非種族衝突的終結，這也成了世界其它國家結束看似棘手衝突的模式。東帝汶、利比里亞和祕魯都是願效仿南非的國家之一。

At the time, Mr. Mandela's tall task was, as he put it, to find the 'middle ground between white fears and black hopes.' But he also needed to reconcile disparate factions within his party, the African National Congress. Some influential ANC leaders wanted to take a tougher line against whites after triumphing at the ballot box, and some argued for a wealth tax to speed the redistribution of the country's resources, according to Verne Harris, a historian at the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, which houses the archives of the former president.

那個時候，曼德拉的艱鉅任務，用他自己的話來講就是，要找到白色恐怖和黑色希望的中間地帶。但同時他也需要調和非國大內部不同派系之間的矛盾。納爾遜?曼德拉記憶中心(Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory)的歷史學家哈里斯(Verne Harris)表示，當時一些有影響力的非國大領袖希望在選舉獲勝後對白人採取更爲強硬的態度，另一些人則主張徵收財產稅以加速南非國民資源的再分配。該中心存放着這位前總統的檔案資料。

'There were many who argued the case for tough love-don't make it easy for them,' says Mr. Harris. 'Reconciliation was a beautiful fit for South Africa, but we forget that it wasn't the only approach being discussed at the time.'

哈里斯說，當時有很多人爲“愛之深則應責之切”辯解，覺得不能便宜了他們。他說，和解的確是適合南非的良策，但我們忘了，這並不是當時探討的唯一方法。

During his six decades in the public arena, Mr. Mandela wasn't above precipitous shifts in position. He initially put his faith in Gandhian nonviolence, but when strikes and protests began to seem futile, he founded a band of saboteurs. He believed in obedience to the party, but acted unilaterally at turning points in the advocated nationalizing South Africa's mines, but changed his mind when the stance threatened to deprive a struggling economy of much-needed capital.

活躍在公衆領域的60年時間裏，曼德拉並不在乎其立場的急劇轉變。他最開始相信甘地(Gandhian)的非暴力不合作運動，但當罷工和抗議看似徒勞之後，曼德拉組建了一支破壞者小分隊。他認爲應該忠誠於非國大，但在鬥爭出現轉折點時卻採取了單方面行動。他主張將南非的礦山國有化，但當這個主張可能會使南非舉步維艱的經濟喪失亟需的資本時，他改變了態度。

Even occasional critics would come to see Mr. Mandela as the political glue that held his party, and later the country, together.

即使偶爾冒出來的一些曼德拉的批評者也開始把曼德拉看作是是凝聚非國大、甚至是後來凝聚整個南非的粘合劑。

Apartheid-era President de Klerk, who would serve as Mr. Mandela's deputy after the country's first democratic vote, said his former adversary 'could be brutal' in negotiations. But the pair, who shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for the country's democratic transition, were able to sell compromises to supporters who differed radically in . de Klerk said in a 2012 speech that the six-foot-four-inch former boxer 'had the stature and the strength to hold his fractious alliance together-even at the most difficult junctures.'

南非種族隔離時代的總統、將在南非第一次民主選舉後就任曼德拉政府副總統的德克勒克說，他以前的這個勁敵在談判時可能會很無情。但他倆卻能讓將那些對前景看法截然不同的支持者接受和解方案。1993年，德克勒克與曼德拉因促成南非的民主轉型共享了諾貝爾和平獎。德克勒克在2012年的一次演講中說，這位身高六英尺四英寸（約1.83米）的前拳擊手有名望和力量將那些倔強的支持者團結在一起，哪怕是處於最困難的關頭。

Rolihlahla Mandela-'Nelson' was added when he started school-was born July 18, 1918, to a chief of the Thembu tribe of the Xhosa people in South Africa. He grew up in a village of mud huts and grass rooftops, the floors made of earth smeared with cow dung, in the land known as the Transkei. Women farmed corn, or mealies, pumpkins and beans; men left their families to work on white-owned farms or mines. Blacks at the time had few rights in the new country, founded by white European immigrants known as Afrikaners.

羅利赫拉赫拉?曼德拉(Rolihlahla Mandela)出生於1918年7月18日，“納爾遜”是他上學後添加的南非科薩人騰布王朝的一酋長的名字。他在特蘭斯凱(Transkei)的一個小村子裏長大，村房用泥巴製成，茅草覆頂，屋裏的地板是抹着牛糞的土地。女人在家種玉米、南瓜和豆子，男人遠在外面爲白人擁有的農場或礦山打工。那時南非是個由布爾人（白人歐洲移民）新建立起來的一個國家，黑人幾乎沒有權利可言。

Mr. Mandela was the first in his family to attend school and eventually began working toward a law degree in Johannesburg, a bustling commercial hub. He hoped for a civil-service job in the Native Affairs Department in the government, about as high as a black man could aspire at the time.

曼德拉是他的家庭中第一個有機會上學的人，並最終在南非繁華的商業中心約翰內斯堡開始攻讀法學學位。他曾希望在南非的本地事務部(Native Affairs Department)謀得一個公務員的工作，這在當時差不多是一個黑人可能懷有的最大夢想。

His struggle for civil rights involved 'a steady accumulation of one thousand slights, one thousand indignities, one thousand unremembered moments, [that] produced in me an anger, a rebelliousness, a desire to fight the system that impoverished my people,' he wrote in his autobiography.

曼德拉在自傳中寫道，爭取民權的過程包含了一次次輕蔑、一次次侮辱和無數個已被遺忘瞬間的不斷積累，正是這些令我憤怒、反抗並渴望打破這個使我的人民陷入貧困的制度。

He joined the African National Congress and helped found its Youth his early years as an activist, Mr. Mandela viewed with deep suspicion the white Communists who he feared would take over the black liberation movement. In one defeated motion, he sought to expel Communist members from the ANC. Another time, Mr. Mandela recounted in his autobiography, he stormed the stage of a Communist Party meeting, tearing up signs and grabbing the microphone. He would mellow in his later years, and would even come to view South Africa's Communists as critical allies and laud a socialist path for development. But unlike many of his fellow ANC leaders, Mr. Mandela distanced himself ideologically from the country's Marxists.

他參加了非國大並幫助成立了非國大的青年團(Youth League)。在作爲政治活動家的初期，曼德拉對白人共產黨員抱有深深的懷疑，擔心他們會接管黑人的解放運動。他曾試圖將共產黨員從非國大中驅逐出去，但這一動議最終受挫。據曼德拉在自傳中描述，還有一次，他曾衝上一個共產黨會議的講臺，撕毀標語並搶奪麥克風。後來曼德拉變得更加成熟，甚至將南非共產黨視爲重要盟友，並贊同社會主義發展道路。但與非國大的其他許多領導人不同，曼德拉與國內的馬克思主義者在思想上一直保持着距離。

'I believed that it was an undiluted African nationalism, not Marxism or multiracialism, that would liberate us,' he wrote. The ANC became the center of resistance to apartheid, the South African system of racial segregation, introduced after the National Party came to power in 1948. The system made racial distinctions into law, forbidding interracial relationships, mandating that the races live apart, and requiring that all South Africans be registered by race.

曼德拉寫道，我相信純粹的非洲民族主義才能解放我們，而不是馬克思主義或多種族制度。非國大逐漸成爲了抵制種族隔離的核心力量。南非的種族隔離制度是在1948年南非國家黨(National Party)執政後推出的。這一制度將種族歧視列入法律，禁止異族通婚，規定種族分居，並要求所有南非人進行種族登記。