告別曼德拉: 你曾是和平與正義的象徵(2)

In response to the new restrictions, Mr. Mandela helped lead a series of strikes and demonstrations in which members used facilities reserved for whites. For his role in the campaign, Mr. Mandela was banned from appearing in public for three years, until following year, Mr. Mandela and several other executive members of the ANC were charged with high treason and conspiracy to overthrow the state-charges that carried the death penalty.

對於這些新規定，曼德拉參與領導了一系列罷工和示威遊行，在這一過程中示威者使用了專爲白人準備的設施。由於參與領導了這些運動，曼德拉有三年的時間都被禁止在公開場合露面，直到1955年。之後的一年，曼德拉和其他幾位非國大成員都受到了叛國罪以及陰謀推翻政府的指控，這種指控最高可被判處死刑。

The trial was delayed, and in 1961 all the defendants were acquitted. Years of confrontations with authorities, including the Sharpeville massacre of 1960 in which 69 protesters were killed by police, persuaded Mr. Mandela to abandon his commitment to Gandhian nonviolence. He organized a sabotage unit and went underground, disguised as a chef, a chauffeur or a 'garden boy' with blue overalls and round glasses.

但審判被推遲，到1961年所有被告人都被無罪釋放。多年來與政府當局的對抗，包括1960年的沙佩維爾大屠殺（69名抗議者被警察殺害），促使曼德拉放棄了非暴力不合作運動的承諾。他組建了一支破壞者小分隊，並開始地下活動。爲了僞裝身份，曼德拉假扮成廚師、司機以及身穿藍布工裝褲、佩戴圓眼鏡的園林工人。

Mr. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and put on trial for inciting strikes. Rather than defend himself against the charges, he indicted the apartheid state in a four-hour speech that became one of the founding texts of a postapartheid state. He was sentenced to five years in prison.

曼德拉於1962年被捕，並因煽動罷工而受到了審判。在長達四個小時的陳述中，曼德拉並沒有爲自己辯護，而是對種族隔離制度進行了控訴。這篇講話後來成爲後種族隔離時代的綱領性文件之一。曼德拉最終被判處五年監禁。

Months later, he was charged with sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, a capital crime, after a police raid on a Johannesburg farmhouse turned up plans for guerrilla warfare in South Africa. This time he was sentenced to life in prison, along with seven other ANC members.

幾個月後，由於警方在對約翰內斯堡一個農場的突襲中找到了有關南非游擊戰的計劃，曼德拉受到了蓄意破壞以及陰謀推翻政府的指控，而這是一項死罪。這一次，曼德拉與其他七名非國大成員被判處終身監禁。

At the opening of what became known as the Rivonia trial, Mr. Mandela delivered another long speech that ended with his vision for a new South Africa, and what he was willing to sacrifice for it.

在著名的利沃尼亞大審判開始時，曼德拉發表了另一個長篇演講，並以他對一個新南非的願景作爲結尾。他表示願意爲建立一個新南非而犧牲自己的生命。

'During my lifetime, I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die,' he said.

他說，我一生專注於非洲人民的鬥爭。我反抗白人統治，也反抗黑人統治。我懷着能讓所有人和諧平等的民主自由社會的理想。這是我希望能爲之而活、看到它實現的理想。但如果需要的話，這也是我願意爲之獻出生命的理想。

Mr. Mandela, then 46 years old, spent the next 18 years on Robben Island, a former leper colony turned maximum-security prison.

當時46歲的曼德拉在羅本島度過了隨後的18年，該島曾經是隔離麻風病人的地方，後來被改爲安保極爲嚴密的監獄。

He entered Robben Island a militant who had failed to topple a government, but came out as a leader who succeeded in building a new nation on a platform of peace and reconciliation among races. Mr. Mandela would later credit prison for uniting the country's future leaders, giving them time to talk through differences and forging a collective will to persevere. In an early sign of how he would reach across the political and racial divide, Mr. Mandela taught himself Afrikaans and used the language to charm his guards-and elicit more sympathetic treatment.

他進入羅本島時還是一個未能推翻政府的激進分子，然而出獄後卻成爲了一名領袖人物，成功地在種族和平與和諧平臺上構建了一個新國家。曼德拉後來認爲，是監獄讓南非未來的領導人們聯合起來，讓他們有時間討論分歧、打造一個集體意志以堅持下來。曼德拉自學了南非白人使用的荷蘭語，用這種語言感化他的看守，並獲得了更好的待遇，這是顯示他將如何跨越政治和種族分歧的早期信號。

In general, though, conditions were harsh and just as segregated as the nation. Blacks were low men on the totem pole, forced to wear shorts-the uniform of young boys-while quarrying limestone and collecting seaweed. In a battle with wardens over the right to wear long pants, Mr. Mandela spent weeks in solitary the biggest battle he waged in prison was for the survival of the antiapartheid movement, and that was one he fought with other political prisoners. What he learned, Mr. Mandela said, was the value of banding together to share information, to endure hardships and to defy efforts to break the human spirit. Outside, the struggle in South Africa had grown increasingly violent. ANC and other antiapartheid fighters were arrested, detained, and tortured. Mr. Mandela became the face who transcended fragmented freedom movements.

然而整體上，監獄裏的條件非常嚴酷，而且種族隔離的程度也與整個國家一樣。黑人低人一等，在採石和收集海藻時被迫穿着短褲──這是小男孩的裝束。在向監獄長爭取穿長褲權利的鬥爭中，曼德拉被關了幾個星期的單獨禁閉。然而他在獄中進行的最大斗爭是爲了反種族隔離運動的存續，而且他是與其他政治犯一同抗爭。曼德拉說，他學到的是團結起來分享信息、忍受困苦、反抗破壞人文精神之舉的價值。在監獄之外，南非的鬥爭已經越來越暴力。非國大成員和其他反種族隔離的鬥士遭到逮捕、扣留和折磨。曼德拉超越了無組織的自由運動，將運動推升至又一個高度。

Mr. Mandela organized hunger strikes for improved conditions, and kept in touch with other ANC members by hiding messages in food bowls, matchboxes or under toilet seats.

曼德拉組織了絕食抗議，要求改善監獄環境，並通過將信息藏在飯碗、火柴盒或馬桶座圈底下與其他非國大成員保持聯繫。

'It would be very hard, if not impossible, for one man alone to resist,' he later wrote in 'Long Walk to Freedom,' his autobiography. 'But the authorities' greatest mistake was to keep us together, for together our determination was reinforced.'

他後來在自傳《漫漫自由路》(Long Walk to Freedom)中寫道，獨自一人抵抗會非常艱難，乃至不可能。但當局最大的錯誤是將我們關在一起，因爲在一起之後，我們的意志更堅定了。

Mr. Mandela's greatest contribution was his decision to begin negotiations with the apartheid state while he was still in detention. The apartheid government, increasingly isolated internationally, was looking for a way out. South Africa kept negotiations secret, and Mr. Mandela didn't inform his ANC comrades.

曼德拉最偉大的貢獻是在他入獄期間決定開始與種族隔離政府談判。當時南非的種族隔離政府在國際上越來越孤立，正在尋求出路。南非的談判祕密進行，曼德拉並未告知他在非國大的同志。

'There are times when a leader must move out ahead of the flock, go off in a new direction, confident he is leading his people the right way,' he wrote in his memoir.

他在回憶錄中寫道，有時領導人必須先於集體做出行動，前往新的方向，堅信自己引領的是正確的道路。

Five years of private meetings followed, with Mr. Mandela sitting down with various officials, and ultimately the president, Mr. de Klerk. In his opening speech to Parliament in 1990, Mr. de Klerk scrapped a ban on opposition parties and announced the release of political prisoners, including Mr. s later began between Mr. de Klerk's Afrikaner-led government and opposition parties, including Mr. Mandela's African National Congress.

隨後是歷時五年的祕密談判，曼德拉麪對衆多官員，最終與南非總統德克勒克進行了談判。1990年，德克勒克在向議會發表的開幕講話中取消了對反對黨的禁令，並宣佈釋放包括曼德拉在內的政治犯。南非白人領導的德克勒克政府和曼德拉領導的非國大等反對黨隨後展開談判。

'The season of violence is over,' Mr. de Klerk said at the time. 'The time for reconstruction and reconciliation has arrived.'

德克勒克當時稱，靠暴力解決問題的時代已經一去不復返，重建國家以及和解的大幕正在拉開。

Mr. Mandela was released on Feb. 11, 1990, under a blue sky. He emerged from the prison gates and raised his fist to a roar from the crowds who had gathered to greet him.

1990年2月11日是一個晴朗的日子，曼德拉在這天重獲自由。他走出監獄大門，向聚集在門外歡呼迎接他的民衆舉起拳頭。

Many whites supported Mr. Mandela, and had joined protests for his release. But there remained unresolved anger from blacks over the apartheid state.

許多白人也支持曼德拉，加入了要求當局釋放曼德拉的抗議活動。即便如此，種族隔離的陰霾仍然籠罩在南非黑人的心頭。

Blacks continued to stage protests, while ethnic tensions also flared. Armed with guns and knives, mostly Zulu supporters of the Inkatha Freedom Party fought ANC loyalists in bloody street battles. At a time when Mr. Mandela had hoped officials could put aside distrust and differences, South Africa was swept up in violence derailed talks even before they began. Mr. Mandela balked at engaging the apartheid government after police in March 1990 fired on unarmed protesters outside Johannesburg, killing 12. Mr. Mandela said he told Mr. de Klerk he couldn't 'talk about negotiations on the one hand and murder our people on the other.' After a four-year transitional government, elections were held on April 27, 1994, open for the first time in South Africa's history to all men and women of voting age. Mr. Mandela was elected president.

南非的黑人繼續組織抗議活動，種族間的緊張關係一觸即發。英卡塔自由黨(Inkatha Freedom Party)主要爲祖魯族的支持者們手持槍械、刀具，與非國大成員展開血腥巷戰。當曼德拉希望政府摒棄互相猜忌和差異化的時候，南非正陷入暴力衝突的混戰。對話的希望就這樣被扼殺在了襁褓之中。1990年3月警察在約翰內斯堡郊外朝手無寸鐵的抗議者射擊，造成12人喪生，這件事讓曼德拉拒絕與種族隔離政府接觸。曼德拉說，當時他告訴德克勒克，一邊說要談判、一邊卻對人民舉起屠刀，這樣的事他做不到。南非過渡政府運轉四年之後，於1994年4月27日舉行大選，這是南非歷史上首次達到選舉年齡的男女都可參加的大選。曼德拉在此次大選中當選爲南非總統。

In 1996, he and his wife divorced. Winnie Mandela was a popular antiapartheid figure in her own right but one whose alleged involvement in human-rights abuses and corruption had left her tainted. Mr. Mandela, though, chastised himself for not being around during his two decades in prison, leaving Winnie to raise their children largely alone.

1996年，曼德拉與其妻子溫妮?曼德拉(Winnie Mandela)離婚。溫妮也是一位反種族隔離的知名鬥士，但她被指牽涉侵犯人權及腐敗，導致聲名受損。曼德拉自責在被囚禁的20年中未能陪伴家人，令溫妮獨自一人撫養子女。

'I personally never regret the life [Winnie] and I tried to share together,' Mr. Mandela told reporters at a news conference announcing his separation in 1992. 'Circumstances beyond our control however dictated it should be otherwise.'After nearly three decades in prison, Mr. Mandela was viewed by many as a political saint, although he was the first to dismiss such sterile descriptions.'Never forget that a saint is a sinner who keeps on trying,' he wrote in a 1975 letter to Winnie from prison that he quoted in his book 'Conversations With Myself.' But by ending white minority rule peacefully, through compromises with Mr. de Klerk, Mr. Mandela set a new standard for resolving conflicts far beyond South Africa. He showed how nations divided by ethnic, racial and religious violence and hate may begin to come together, even if that process at home has been more painful and taken longer than most people had hoped.

1992年宣佈離婚的新聞發佈會上，曼德拉對媒體表示，他自己從不後悔和溫妮相持相伴走過的光陰，但事態已不受掌控。在被囚將近三十年後，曼德拉在許多人的心中已儼然一位政壇聖人，他本人則對這種頂禮膜拜不以爲然。他在自傳《與自己對話》(Conversations With Myself)裏提到了1975年他從監獄寫給溫妮的信，其中寫道，不要忘了，一個聖人也只是一個不斷贖罪的有罪之人。但通過與德克勒克達成妥協，從而和平終結了白人統治，曼德拉爲解決南非之外其他地區的衝突樹立了新的標杆。他向世人展示出，一個因種族、人種、宗教暴力和仇恨而分裂的國家也可以團結起來，即使鬥爭進程比大多數人期望的更爲痛苦、也耗費了更長時間。

Unlike many African leaders hailed as heroes and freedom fighters, Mr. Mandela stepped down from office after only one term. He established three foundations in his name, dedicated to tolerance and preserving the history of the antiapartheid fight. He married his third wife, Gra?a Machel, on his 80th birthday, and settled into a spacious home in a leafy suburb of Johannesburg.

與許多被譽爲英雄和自由鬥士的非洲領導人不同，曼德拉只擔任了一屆總統便急流勇退。他以自己的名義成立了三個基金會，致力於保留南非反種族隔離鬥爭的歷史。他在80歲生日時迎娶了第三任太太格拉薩?馬歇爾(Graca Machel)，在約翰內斯堡樹木茂盛的郊外一所大房子中頤養天年。

In the last years of his life, Mr. Mandela largely retreated from public view, spending time with his children and grandchildren in the rural village of Qunu in the Eastern Cape, not far from where he was born.

人生中的最後幾年曼德拉基本退出了公衆視野，在東開普省庫努的一個小山村裏含飴弄孫。此處離他出生之地不遠。

Mr. Mandela's hospital visits sparked bouts of panic in government and the media. The anxiety underscored how hungry the public remained for information about the former political prisoner who became the country's first black president, a transition that changed how the world viewed South Africa and how South Africans viewed themselves.

曼德拉到醫院就診的消息引發政府和媒體的擔心。這種焦慮反映出南非羣衆仍然急切想知道曼德拉現況的心情。這位成爲南非首位黑人總統的前政治犯改變了世界看南非的方式，也扭轉了南非人對其自身的看法。