大連房地產豪宅市場的"巴黎情緣"

In Dalian, a northern Chinese port city on the Yellow Sea, the hottest architectural trend is straight out of 19th-century Paris.

在位於黃海之濱的中國北方港口城市大連，當前最流行的建築風格直接脫胎於19世紀的巴黎。

Dalian is going through a period romance with Western architecture, driving a Beaux-Arts boom in new residential buildings. Over the past few months, several American architecture firms known for their neoclassical designs have started construction on a variety of projects: from luxury apartments in mixed-use developments to expansive single-family villas. Their wealthy Chinese clients want homes in authentic-looking Beaux-Arts style: 19th-century and early 20th-century Paris-influenced design that features ornate details on large facades. They also are demanding interior designs that are sensitive to their own traditions.

西方建築風格目前在大連備受追捧，新建住宅項目掀起了一股學院派風格(Beaux-Arts)熱潮。在過去幾個月裏，幾家以新古典風格設計見長的美國建築公司着手展開了一系列項目，其中既有綜合開發項目內的豪華公寓，也有面積龐大的獨棟別墅。富有的中國客戶青睞造型地道的學院派風格：這種設計受19世紀和20世紀初巴黎的建築風格影響，突出大立面上華麗的裝飾細節。這些客戶還要求室內設計顧及中國傳統。

Dalian, a city with a population of about 5.9 million, has a culturally blended past. Originally under the Qing dynasty, China's last imperial rule, Dalian fell under British, Russian and Japanese rule at different times over the late 19th and early 20th centuries, resulting in a city comprised of a variety of buildings. Western classical architecture denotes sophistication for some Chinese home buyers, developers say.

約有590萬人口的大連過去曾是一個多元文化交融的城市。從19世紀末到20世紀初，原屬清王朝（中國末代王朝）管轄的大連先後經歷了英國、俄羅斯和日本的殖民統治，這一段歷史賦予了大連風格各異的建築。開發商表示，在一些中國購房者眼中，西方古典建築意味着高雅。

Local developers have sought out American architects as a way to guarantee authenticity. 'There's a lot of neoclassical in China, but it's done by architects who just take an image and design from that,' says James Sun, vice president of Dalian Yifang Group, which is developing a villa community in Wolong Bay near Dalian. 'It would be like asking an American or European to design a Chinese temple.'

當地開發商通過聘用美國建築師來確保建築風格的純正地道。大連一方集團(Dalian Yifang Group)副總裁孫艦表示：“中國新古典主義風格建築很多，但它們都是建築師照葫蘆畫瓢設計出來的。這就像叫美國人或歐洲人來設計中國寺廟一樣。”一方集團目前正在大連附近的臥龍灣開發一個別墅區。

Robert A.M. Stern Architects of New York, known for luxury buildings such as Manhattan's 15 Central Park West, is designing Dalian AVIC International Square, a mixed-use development in neoclassical style. It will cover four city blocks with a total of 1,600 homes. The first phase, set to be completed this year, will include apartments with one, two and three bedrooms, from as small as 323 square feet to 1,830 square feet. Prices will range from 700,000 yuan, or $114,000, to 4 million yuan, or $652,000.

以設計曼哈頓中央公園西15號(15 Central Park West)等豪華建築而著稱的紐約羅伯特・斯特恩建築師事務所(Robert A.M. Stern Architects)正在設計大連中航國際廣場(Dalian AVIC International Square)，這是一個新古典風格的綜合開發項目。該項目將覆蓋四個街區，共包括1,600套住宅。一期工程定於今年完工，將推出一臥、兩臥和三臥公寓，面積從323平方英尺（約合30平方米）到1,830平方英尺（約合170平方米）不等，價格將在人民幣70萬元至400萬元之間。

Peter Pennoyer, a New York City-based architect, is creating duplexes and townhouses for the Xiao Yao (pronounced She-ow yow) Bay residential community of 900 homes. The complex, which also will offer a clubhouse and other amenities, is about 30 minutes outside of Dalian. The first phase--60 homes--will begin selling in May, with prices starting at about $782,000. Made of concrete with limestone and brick veneers, the three-level, 3,000-square-foot homes will include a garage, an entertainment room, maid's quarters, living rooms, two kitchens and three bedrooms.

紐約建築師彼得・彭諾耶(Peter Pennoyer)正在爲小窯灣一個有900套住宅的小區設計複式住宅和聯排別墅。這個距大連約30分鐘車程的小區還將配備會所和其他配套設施。一期項目（包括60套住宅）從5月份開始售房，起價約爲782,000美元（約合人民幣488萬元）起。這些面積3,000平方英尺（約合279平方米）的三層混凝土住宅有石灰石和磚鑲面，帶一個車庫和一間活動室、數間保姆房和起居室以及兩個廚房和三個臥室。

On a smaller scale, San Francisco-based architect Andrew Skurman is designing two, 15,000-square-foot homes, one in the Georgian style and one French Classical, each with stone cladding, five to six bedrooms and bathrooms, a wine cellar, an exercise room and an indoor pool. The homes, which haven't been priced and will be sold upon completion, will be located in the St. America development of about a dozen custom homes that overlook Dalian's rocky coastline.

還有一些規模比較小的項目。舊金山建築師安德魯・斯庫爾曼(Andrew Skurman)正在設計兩座面積15,000平方英尺（約合1,394平方米）的住宅，一座是喬治亞風格(Georgian)，另一座爲法式古典風格(French Classical)，每座房子都帶有石材覆層，有五到六個臥室和衛生間，一個酒窖，一間健身房和一個室內游泳池。這兩座房子位於一個名爲St. America的開發項目內，目前尚未定價，將在建成後出售。St. America有十幾幢爲客戶量身打造的住宅，可俯瞰大連峭石嶙峋的海岸線風光。

On the southwest edge of the city, Aric Lasher of HBRA Architects in Chicago, is designing a community called French 1710. The first phase will have 37 connected townhouses and four single-family homes, ranging from 4,800 square feet to 6,900 square feet. Two future phases are planned, for a total of 265 homes.

芝加哥建築事務所HBRA Architects的阿里克・拉舍(Aric Lasher)正在大連西南邊設計一個名爲French 1710的小區。第一期工程將包括37幢聯排別墅和四幢獨棟別墅，面積在4,800平方英尺（約合446平方米）到6,900平方英尺（約合641平方米）之間。未來還有兩期工程，總共計劃建265套住宅。

To make the designs more historically accurate, Mr. Lasher drew inspiration from historic 17th- and 18th-century French buildings, giving the homes for French 1710 carved stone details such as niches, balconies, and keystones, along with slate roofs. The first phase is set to be completed in 2015. Each will have an estimated sales price of $653,000 to $1.3 million.

爲使設計的歷史細節更精確，拉舍從17世紀和18世紀的法國曆史建築中吸取靈感，在French 1710的住宅中運用了壁龕、陽臺、拱心石和石板屋頂等石雕細節。一期工程定於2015年完工。估計每幢住宅售價在653,000美元（約合人民幣407萬元）至130萬美元（約合人民幣810萬元）之間。

Mr. Lasher says some early design sketches he saw from the client were 'extremely unregulated and unintentionally eclectic'--a problem that had to be addressed, as they lacked the proper composition and proportion for authentic style.

拉舍表示，他在客戶那兒看到的一些設計初稿“毫無章法，而且無意中弄成了大雜燴”――這是個必須要解決的問題，因爲它們的構圖和比例不當，與正宗學院派風格不符。

The luxury market in Dalian has been heating up, with growth of the local economy and urbanization driving demand. It now makes up about 30% of the residential market. On average, Dalian's residential home prices climbed 8% in 2013 to $176 per square foot, according to DTZ, an international property consultancy. That figure is nearly double what it was in 2009.

由於當地經濟發展和城市化拉動了需求，大連的豪宅市場正在升溫。豪華住宅目前在大連住宅市場中所佔比例達到30%左右。跨國房地產諮詢公司戴德樑行(DTZ)的數據顯示，2013年大連住宅價格平均上漲了8%，達到每平方英尺176美元（約合每平方米人民幣1,1820元），接近2009年的兩倍。

Also driving demand for high-end properties is the fact that about 30,400 of China's millionaires live in Liaoning province, in which Dalian is a major city, according to the Hurun Research Institute, which tracks China's wealthy individuals.

追蹤中國富有人羣的研究機構胡潤研究院(Hurun Research Institute)的數據顯示，中國目前有約30,400名富豪居住在遼寧省（大連是遼寧省的一個主要城市），這也是推動大連高端房地產市場需求的一項因素。

For luxury buyers, low-rise dwellings remind them of traditional neighborhoods where the modern middle class no longer wants to live. Beaux-Arts architecture is a good fit for larger buildings.

低層住宅會讓豪宅買家聯想到傳統社區（現代中產階級已不想居住在這些社區）。而比較大的住宅很適合採用學院派建築風格。

The local appetite for Beaux-Arts architecture 'may be even exaggerated because they were starved of it' in the Cultural Revolution and to the end of the 20th century, says Paul Whalen, one of the architects of Robert A.M. Stern's project.

羅伯特・斯特恩項目的建築師之一保羅・惠倫(Paul Whalen)表示，在文化大革命期間和20世紀末，大連的學院派建築難得一見，“這可能放大了當地人對這種建築的偏好”。

The lack of land in Dalian, as in most of China, is also an issue. Even pricey homes are often in high-density areas, proving challenging for design.

和中國大部分地區一樣，大連也面臨土地稀缺問題。即使是價格高昂的住宅通常也是建在人口高密度區域，從而爲建築設計帶來了挑戰。

Cultural differences add to the challenges. Many Chinese prefer living rooms and master bedrooms to face south because they are considered the most important rooms and should get the best sun during the winter. Bedroom windows have to be strategically placed, as Chinese buyers who adhere to the feng shui sense of balance don't like beds to either face or be placed against windows. Also, the end of each hallway must have a focal point for, say, a piece of artwork or a fountain.

文化的差異令挑戰進一步加劇。許多中國人喜歡讓起居室和主臥朝南，因爲中國人認爲它們是最重要的居室，冬季應該有最好的光照。臥室窗戶的位置很有講究，因爲講風水的中國買家不喜歡牀對着窗戶或者緊靠窗戶。此外，每個門廳的盡頭必須要有一個放藝術品或設置噴泉的焦點位置。

All of the architects had to design two kitchens for each home: a Western kitchen with sleek countertops and stovetops for light cooking and entertaining, and a 'hot' or Chinese kitchen, for deep-frying and butchering meat.

所有建築師都必須爲住宅設計兩個廚房：一個是帶有光滑檯面和竈面的西式廚房，可供烹製清淡的菜餚和待客，另外還有一間“熱菜”廚房，也就是中式廚房，用於煎炸烹炒和斬切肉類。

In most of the projects, local architects take over once the initial designs are completed because structural and mechanical building standards vary. Some plans can be misread or details can be literally lost in translation. 'We work through an interpreter,' Mr. Skurman of San Francisco says, 'so I never have had a real conversation with the principal of the development company.'

多數項目都是最初的設計一完成就由本地建築師接手，因爲中國的建築結構和機械標準與西方不同。一些方案可能會被誤讀，細節也會在翻譯中遺漏。舊金山的建築師斯庫爾曼說：“我們是通過一名口譯來做項目的，我從來沒有和開發公司的負責人真正交談過。”

Still, the Dalian projects are an architect's dream: Budgets are malleable and developers want the best in materials. The local developers also are open to suggestions and see their projects as an investment in bringing the country into the 21st century. Their goals, Mr. Pennoyer says, go beyond 'simply building and turning a profit.'

不過，大連的項目仍然是建築師的夢想之選：預算可以擴大，開發商想用最好的材料。當地開發商也樂於聽取建議，並將他們的項目視爲引領中國走進21世紀的投資。彭諾耶說，“在建房和賺錢”之外，他們還有更高遠的目標。