教皇方濟各呼籲全球緊急應對氣候危機

VATICAN CITY — Pope Francis called Thursday for a radical transformation of politics, economics and individual lifestyles to confront environmental degradation and climate change, blending a biting critique of consumerism and irresponsible development with a plea for swift and unified global action.

梵蒂岡城——教皇方濟各(Pope Francis)週四呼籲，對政治、經濟和個人生活方式進行根本性變革，以應對環境惡化和氣候變化，他將對消費主義和不負責任的發展模式的尖銳批評同採取迅速且統一的全球行動的請求結合在了一起。

The vision that Francis outlined in a 184-page papal encyclical is sweeping in ambition and scope: He described relentless exploitation and destruction of the environment and said apathy, the reckless pursuit of profits, excessive faith in technology and political shortsightedness were to blame.

方濟各在184頁的教皇通諭中概述的願景在其雄心程度和覆蓋範圍上都相當可觀。他描述了對環境無情的剝削和破壞，並表示冷漠、對利潤的魯莽追求、對科技的過度信心和政治短視要對此負主要責任。

The most vulnerable victims, he declared, are the world’s poorest people, who are being dislocated and disregarded.

他宣稱最脆弱的受害者是世界上最貧窮的人，他們的生活被擾亂並被忽視。

Francis, the first pope from the developing world, used the encyclical — titled “Laudato Si’,” or “Praise Be to You” — to highlight the crisis posed by climate change. He placed most of the blame on fossil fuels and human activity, while warning of an “unprecedented destruction of ecosystems, with serious consequence for all of us” if corrective action is not taken swiftly. Developed, industrialized countries were mostly responsible, he said, and are obligated to help poorer nations confront the crisis.

方濟各是第一位來自發展中世界的教皇，他用題爲“Laudato Si”（讚美你）的通諭來突出氣候變化所帶來的危機。他把大部分的責任歸結於化石燃料和人類活動，同時警告稱，如果不採取迅速的糾正行動，“生態系統將蒙受前所未有的破壞，並對我們所有人造成嚴重後果”。發達的工業化國家要負主要負責，他說，這些國家有責任幫助貧窮國家應對危機。

“Climate change is a global problem with grave implications: environmental, social, economic, political and for the distribution of goods,” he wrote. “It represents one of the principal challenges facing humanity in our day.”

“氣候變化是可能帶來嚴重後果的一個全球性問題，其影響涉及環境，社會，經濟，政治和物品的分配，”他寫道。 “它代表了我們這個時代人類所面臨的主要挑戰之一。”

The Vatican released the encyclical at noon on Thursday, three days after an Italian magazine posted a leaked draft online, to the fury of Vatican officials. The breach led to speculation that opponents of Francis inside the Vatican wanted to embarrass him by undermining the release.

梵蒂岡在週四上午公佈了通諭，讓梵蒂岡官員憤怒的是，三天前一家意大利雜誌就在網上發佈了泄漏出來的草稿。此次泄漏事件導致人們猜測，梵蒂岡內部的方濟各反對者希望通過破壞通諭公佈來讓他難堪。

Even so, religious figures, environmentalists, scientists, executives and elected officials around the world awaited the official release, and scheduled news conferences or issued statements afterward. News media interest was enormous, in part because of Francis’ global popularity, but also because of the intriguing coalition he is proposing between faith and science.

即便如此，世界各地的宗教人士、環保人士、科學家、高管和民選官員都對通諭的正式發佈翹首以盼，並在之後安排了新聞發佈會或發表了聲明。新聞媒體對此十分關注，部分原因是方濟各在全球的受歡迎度，但也是因他提出的信仰和科學之間的有趣聯盟。

Governments are now developing domestic climate-change plans to prepare for a United Nations summit on the issue in Paris in December. The meeting’s goal is to achieve a sweeping accord in which every nation would commit to new policies to limit greenhouse-gas emissions. Many governments have yet to present plans, including major emitters like Brazil, which has a large Catholic population. The encyclical is seen as an unsubtle nudge for action.

目前各國政府正在爲定於12月在巴黎舉行的聯合國氣候大會做準備，制定各自的國內排放計劃。這次會議的目標是讓所有國家在實施限制溫室氣體排放的新政策上達成一個全面協議。很多國家還沒提交自己的計劃，包括一些溫室氣體排放大國，如有大量天主教信徒的巴西。這份教皇通諭被看成較爲直白的敦促之舉，要各國展開行動。

“It gives a lot of cover to political and economic leaders in those countries, as they make decisions on climate change policy,” said Timothy Wirth, vice chairman of the United Nations Foundation.

聯合國基金會(United Nations Foundation)副主席蒂莫西·維爾特(Timothy Wirth)表示，“在制定氣候變化政策上，這份通諭給這些國家的政治和經濟領導人提供了很多由頭。”

Catholic theologians say the overarching theme of the encyclical is “integral ecology,” which links care for the environment with a notion already well developed in Catholic teaching: that economic development, to be morally good and just, must take into account people’s need for things like freedom, education and meaningful work.

天主教神學家們表示，貫穿這份通諭的主題是“生態的不可或缺”，它將人們對環境的關心和天主教佈道中一個已經被普遍接受的觀念結合起來：即經濟發展要想在道德層面上變得合理正當，它必須顧及到人們的其他需求，如自由、教育和有意義的工作。

“The basic idea is, in order to love God, you have to love your fellow human beings, and you have to love and care for the rest of creation,” said Vincent Miller, who holds a chair in Catholic theology and culture at the University of Dayton, a Catholic college in Ohio. “It gives Francis a very traditional basis to argue for the inclusion of environmental concern at the center of Christian faith.”

“這裏的基本觀念是，爲了愛上帝，你必須愛自己的同類，以及熱愛和關心上帝其他的造物。這一觀念爲教皇方濟各論證關心環境也是基督教信仰的核心觀念打下了非常傳統的根基，”文森特·米勒(Vincent Miller)說，他是俄亥俄州的天主教高校戴頓大學(University of Dayton)的天主教神學與文化教授。

He added: “Critics will say the church can’t teach policy, the church can’t teach politics. And Francis is saying, ‘No, these things are at the core of the church’s teaching.’ ”

他還說，“批評者會說教堂不能講授政策，不能討論政治。而方濟各說，‘不，這些正是教堂布道的中心內容。’”

Francis tapped a wide variety of sources in his encyclical, partly to underscore the universality of his message. He cited passages from his two papal predecessors, John Paul II and Benedict XVI, and drew prominently from a religious ally, Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, leader of the world’s Eastern Orthodox Christians. He also cited a Sufi Muslim mystic, Ali al-Khawas.

教皇方濟各在這份通諭中引述甚廣，部分原因是爲強調他要傳達的信息的普遍性。他援引了兩位前任教皇約翰·保羅二世(John Paul II)和本尼迪克特十六世(Benedict XVI)之前的講話，列舉了其宗教盟友、東正教全球領袖君士坦丁堡大牧首巴塞洛繆一世(Patriarch Bartholomew I)的不少言論，此外還引用了一名蘇菲派穆斯林(Sufi Muslim)神祕主義者阿里·阿爾-卡瓦斯(Ali al-Khawas)的觀點。

Central to Francis’ theme is the link between poverty and the planet’s fragility. The pope rejected the belief that technology and “current economics” would solve environmental problems, or “that the problems of global hunger and poverty will be resolved simply by market growth.”

教皇方濟各的核心主旨是將貧窮和這個星球的脆弱之處聯繫起來。教皇反對技術和“當前的經濟”能解決環境問題的觀點，也不認同“全球的飢餓和貧窮問題單單依靠市場發展就可迎刃而解”。

“A huge indictment I see in this encyclical is that people have lost their sense of ultimate and proper goals of technology and economics,” said Christiana Z. Peppard, an assistant professor of theology, science and ethics at Fordham University in New York. “We are focused on short-term, consumerist patterns.”

“這份通諭強烈譴責人們失去了對科技和經濟發展的終極和正確目標的認知，”紐約福特漢姆大學(Fordham University)神學、科學和倫理學助理教授克里斯蒂安娜·Z·佩帕德(Christiana Z. Peppard)說道。“我們的注意力都集中於短期發展和消費主義模式。”

Encyclicals are letters to the clergy and laity of the church that are considered authoritative. Catholics are expected to try to sincerely embrace their teachings. But more specific assertions in them can be categorized as “prudential judgments,” a phrase that some critics have invoked to reject Francis’ positions on issues like climate change or economic inequality.

教皇通諭是教皇寫給天主教教職人員和俗世信徒的信，在人們眼中具有權威性。天主教徒一般要嘗試真誠地接受其中的教導。但有一些更具體的觀點可以被歸爲“審慎意見”，一些批評者借這個詞彙來反對教皇方濟各在氣候變化和經濟不平等等議題上的立場。