中國加大對污染企業處罰力度
China imposed stiffer punishments on companies that violated environmental laws last year, according to new research that illustrates Beijing’s growing resolve to push through aspects of a greener social agenda.
最新研究顯示，去年中國對違反環境法的企業實施了更爲嚴厲的處罰，這突顯出中國政府日益增強的推動更環保社會議程的決心。
The research, conducted by financial index provider MSCI, recorded a near doubling in the cost of environmental penalties on selected companies in 2015 compared with the previous year and a near tripling in the likelihood that punitive action would be taken against offenders.
這項研究由金融指數提供商明晟(MSCI)進行。根據該研究，2015年期間，針對被選企業的環境處罰金額是前一年的近兩倍，同時對違法企業採取處罰行動的可能性提高了近兩倍。
The study covered 155 Chinese companies that are constituents of the MSCI Emerging Markets Index.
這項研究覆蓋納入明晟新興市場指數(MSCI Emerging Markets Index)的155家中國企業。
The findings correspond with Beijing’s policy — evident in the Five-Year Plan covering the period from 2016 to 2020 — to combat an environmental crisis that has made China the world’s biggest carbon emitter, driven air quality in many cities to below minimum international health standards and aroused virulent public discontent.
研究結果符合中國政府應對環境危機的政策（明顯體現在2016年至2020年的“五年規劃”中），這場危機讓中國成爲全球最大碳排放國，致使很多城市的空氣質量低於國際最低健康標準，並引發公衆的嚴重不滿。
Emily Chew, vice-president of MSCI (Hong Kong), said the research showed China’s regulators were taking a more aggressive stance against polluters as official determination to repair the country’s environment builds. “What I think is really interesting in the 13th five-year plan is that you really see this intention toward green development interwoven throughout,” Ms Chew said.
明晟（香港）副總裁趙汝賢(Emily Chew)表示，研究顯示，隨着中國政府加大整治環境的決心，中國監管機構正對污染企業採取更強硬的態度。她表示：“我認爲，第13個五年規劃的真正有意思之處在於，你確實看到這種綠色發展的意願貫穿始終。”
Since a new Environmental Protection Law came into force in January last year, the proportion of cases involving the 155 companies leading to punishment has surged along with the total cost of the punishments, which rose to Rmb4.2m ($644,000) from Rmb2.2m in 2014.
自從去年1月新的《環境保護法》實施以來，上述155家企業受到環境處罰的比例飆升，罰金總額從2014年的220萬元人民幣升至420萬元人民幣（合64.4萬美元）。
Ms Chew said the costs of the penalties remained too small to really “bite” corporate violators, but the trend was nevertheless indicative of Beijing’s desire to tighten supervision over environmental issues.
趙汝賢表示，處罰成本仍然過低，無法真正“咬疼”違法企業，但這種趨勢仍表明，中國政府希望從嚴監督環境問題。
With the new law abolishing ceilings on environmental fines and NGOs empowered to initiate public interest lawsuits, the MSCI report predicts that the size of penalties is likely to increase over time.
新的環保法取消了對違法企業的罰款上限，並授權非政府組織提起公益訴訟。有鑑於此，明晟報告預測，隨着時間推移，處罰金額很可能逐漸增加。
On a nationwide basis, China punished 25,164 environmental offenders in the first half of last year, fining them more than Rmb230m and transferring 740 cases to the police for criminal investigations, the Ministry of Environmental Protection has said. The ministry did not give comparative numbers for 2014.
中國環境保護部(Ministry of Environmental Protection)表示，從全國來看，去年上半年，中國對2.5164萬家環境污染企業實施了處罰，罰金總額超過2.30億元人民幣，並將740起案件移交警方進行刑事調查。環保部沒有提供2014年的可比數據。
However, green consciousness remains conspicuously lacking, even among the relatively sophisticated 155 Chinese companies with overseas listings that are included in MSCI’s EM index. For example, only 6 per cent of these companies publicly disclose their carbon emissions, compared with 32 per cent of all MSCI EM constituents.
然而，環保意識仍明顯欠缺，即使在相對成熟的在海外上市、被納入明晟新興市場指數的155家中國企業中也是如此。例如，在這些中國企業中，只有6%會公開披露碳排放數據，而在該指數全體成分股公司中，這個比例達到32%。
The Five-Year Plan, which was formally adopted in March this year after a lengthy consultative drafting process, identifies new energy vehicles as one of the 10 priority strategic industries that Beijing has earmarked for significant investments.
經過長時間徵詢意見過程後，新的5年規劃在今年3月正式實施。它確定把新能源汽車列爲中國政府將重點鼓勵的10個優先發展的戰略行業之一。
According to the official target, China aims to sell 5m pure electric and hybrid plug-in vehicles a year by 2020, up from 330,000 in 2015. This highly ambitious target looks unlikely to be met, even though new energy vehicle sales grew four times year-on-year in 2014 and 3.4 times year-on-year in 2015, Ms Chew said. If current trends continue, new energy vehicles may rise to around 1.75m in 2020, according to MSCI research.
根據官方目標，到2020年，中國計劃每年銷售500萬輛純電動和混合動力汽車，而2015年的銷量爲33萬輛。趙汝賢表示，這一極其雄心勃勃的目標看上去不太可能實現，儘管2014年新能源汽車銷量同比增長4倍，2015年同比增長3.4倍。根據明晟的研究，如果當前趨勢繼續，到2020年，新能源汽車銷量可能增至175萬輛左右。
Behind the ambitious projections, Beijing is putting into force higher standards for new energy vehicles to qualify for 2016 subsidies — such as requiring cars to be able to run for 100km on a single battery charge and a maximum speed of no less than 100km/h.
在雄心勃勃的預測背後，中國政府將對新能源汽車實行更高的2016年補貼資格標準，例如要求汽車單次充電後能夠行駛100公里，且最高時速不得低於100公里。
Thus those companies at the technological cutting edge are set to benefit, potentially favouring Dongfeng Motor, which has 38 different types of new energy vehicles on the subsidy list, putting it in a good position to challenge the market leader, BYD.
因此，那些處於技術前沿的企業將受益，比如東風汽車(Dongfeng Motor)，該公司有38款不同型號的新能源汽車被列入補貼名單，這令其處於挑戰市場領軍企業比亞迪(BYD)的有利地位。
