伊朗前總統拉夫桑賈尼逝世,享年82歲

Ayatollah Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Ex-President of Iran, Dies at 82

伊朗前總統拉夫桑賈尼逝世，享年82歲

Ayatollah Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, a former president of Iran and a founder of the Islamic Republic, who navigated the opaque shoals of his country’s theocracy as one of its most enduring and wealthiest leaders, died Sunday in Tehran. He was 82.

伊朗前總統、這個伊斯蘭共和國開國元勳阿亞圖拉阿里·阿克巴爾·哈什米·拉夫桑賈尼(Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani)週日在德黑蘭去世，享年82歲。作爲伊朗影響力最持久、最富有的領導人之一，他領導該國度過了神權政治的諸多險灘。

His death was announced by Iran’s state television.

伊朗官方電視臺宣佈了他離世的消息。

As his career seesawed through periods of revolutionary zeal and confrontation with powerful conservative rivals, he was portrayed as a Machiavellian and often ruthless player in the power struggles among Iran’s elite factions, protected by his close association with Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the revolutionary leader who overthrew the shah in 1979.

他的職業生涯隨着革命熱情的不同時期和強大保守派對手的挑戰而起伏不定。在這個過程中，他被描繪成伊朗精英派中一個在權力鬥爭上不擇手段，而且往往冷酷無情的角色。他因爲與1979年推翻伊朗國王的革命領袖阿亞圖拉魯霍拉·霍梅尼(Ruhollah Khomeini)關係密切，而受到保護。

Known as a pragmatist and centrist inclined toward economic liberalism and political authoritarianism, Rafsanjani was accused by critics of corruption in amassing his fortune and of a readiness for harsh tactics to deal with dissent.

拉夫桑賈尼被認爲是一名實用主義者和中間派，在經濟上傾向自由主義，在政治上傾向威權主義。批評人士指控他腐敗，積聚大量財富，對待異見者經常採取嚴酷手段。

Argentina has accused Rafsanjani and other senior Iranian figures of complicity in the 1994 bombing of a Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, in which 85 people died. In 1997, a German court concluded that the highest levels of Iran’s political leadership had ordered the killing five years earlier of four exiled Iranian Kurdish dissidents in Berlin. Rafsanjani was president from 1989 to 1997.

阿根廷指控拉夫桑賈尼及其他伊朗高層領導人是1994年布宜諾斯艾利斯一個猶太人社區中心爆炸案的幕後主使，那起事件導致85人喪生。1997年，一座德國法院得出結論，稱伊朗最高政治領導層在五年前下令殺害了五名流亡柏林的伊朗庫爾德異見者。拉夫桑賈尼於1989年至1997年間擔任伊朗總統。

Yet many Western analysts believed that he sought a less confrontational relationship with the United States than other powerful figures in the Iranian hierarchy. Rafsanjani, for instance, was credited with suggesting that “Death to America” be dropped from the litany of slogans at Tehran’s Friday prayers.

但是，許多西方分析人士認爲，相比伊朗統治集團的其他權勢人物，他尋求與美國達成少一些對抗的關係。比如，外界認爲是拉夫桑賈尼提議將“美國滅亡”的口號從德黑蘭週五的祈禱文中去除。

In the closing stages of the Iran-Iraq war, which lasted from 1980 to 1988, Rafsanjani was appointed acting commander in chief of Iranian forces and was widely credited with persuading the leadership in Tehran to accept a U.N. resolution that ended the fighting.

在1980年至1988年進行的兩伊戰爭的最後階段，拉夫桑賈尼被任命爲伊朗部隊代理總司令。外界普遍認爲，是他勸說德黑蘭領導層接受了聯合國一項結束戰鬥的決議。

For much of his career, he maintained roles in parliament and on influential clerical panels.

在職業生涯的大部分時間裏，他一直在議會和有影響力的神職人員專家會議裏擔任職位。

Rafsanjani’s clout declined sharply during the presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, from 2005 to 2013. A populist conservative, Ahmadinejad had a strong following among poor Iranians, many of whom resented the affluence that endeared Rafsanjani to his wealthier compatriots.

在馬哈茂德·艾哈邁迪-內賈德(Mahmoud Ahmadinejad)於2005年至2013年擔任伊朗總統期間，拉夫桑賈尼的影響力急劇下降。作爲一名民粹主義保守派，艾哈邁迪-內賈德在伊朗窮人中有很強的號召力，其中不少人憎恨財富，但恰恰是財富讓拉夫桑賈尼深受他那些有錢同胞的喜愛。

In 2013, Rafsanjani was disqualified from standing in presidential elections and swung his political weight behind a moderate, longtime associate, Hassan Rouhani, who won the vote and went on to bring many of Rafsanjani’s supporters into his Cabinet and to negotiate the nuclear agreement with the United States in 2015.

2013年，拉夫桑賈尼被取消了總統競選資格，他將自己的政治影響力轉移到老朋友、溫和派的哈桑·魯哈尼(Hassan Rouhani)身上，後者贏得了大選，繼而將拉夫桑賈尼的許多支持者召入自己的內閣，並在2015年與美國達成了核協議。