德國欲推動建立歐洲軍隊

Germany is to push for progress towards a European army by advocating a joint headquarters and shared military assets, according to defence plans that could ricochet into Britain’s EU referendum campaign.

德國防務白皮書中的計劃顯示，德國將努力推動歐盟建立一支歐洲軍隊，它倡導歐盟各國建立一個聯合司令部、共享軍事資源。這些計劃可能會影響到英國的退歐公投運動。

Although Berlin has long paid lip-service to forming a “European defence union”, the white paper is one of the most significant for Germany in recent years and may be seized by anti-integration Brexit campaigners as a sign where the bloc is heading.

儘管柏林方面早就倡導打造“歐洲防務聯盟”，但對德國來說，這份白皮書是近些年來意義最重大的白皮書之一。反歐洲一體化的英國退歐運動人士可能會抓住這份白皮書，將之作爲表明歐盟發展方向的一個跡象。

Initially scheduled to emerge shortly before the June 23 referendum vote but now probably delayed to July, the draft paper seen by the Financial Times outlines steps to gradually co-ordinate Europe’s patchwork of national militaries and embark on permanent co-operation under common structures.

白皮書原定在6月23日英國退歐公投前夕公佈，但如今很可能會推遲到7月發佈。英國《金融時報》看到的白皮書草案羅列出了一些舉措，來逐漸協調歐洲零散的國家軍事力量、並在共同框架下展開永久性合作。

In this and other areas, its tone reflects Germany’s growing clout and confidence in pursuing a foreign policy backed by elements of hard power. Initiatives range from strengthening cyberwarfare abilities to contentious proposals to relax the postwar restrictions on army operations within Germany.

在上述及其他領域，白皮書的腔調反映出，德國在追求硬實力元素支撐的外交政策方面，影響力和信心日益增強。白皮書列出的舉措涵蓋方方面面，包括加強網絡戰能力，以及一項有爭議的提議——即放鬆二戰後對軍隊在德國境內開展行動施加的限制。

“German security policy has relevance — also far beyond our country,” the paper states. “Germany is willing to join early, decisively and substantially as a driving force in international debates . . . to take responsibility and assume leadership”.

“德國的安全政策影響重大——而且其影響範圍遠超出我們的國家。”白皮書稱，“德國願意作爲一支推動力量，儘早、堅決而切實地加入到國際辯論中來——承擔責任併發揮領導作用。”

Jan Techau, a former defence official at Carnegie Europe, said: “This is the time of a new Germany. This is probably the first time a German defence white paper is something like important.”

前防務官員、卡內基歐洲(Carnegie Europe)的揚•特紹(Jan Techau)表示：“這是一個新德國的時代。德國防務白皮書很可能是第一次具有某種程度的重要性。”

At the European level, the paper calls for “the use of all possibilities” available under EU treaties to establish deep co-operation between willing member states, create a joint civil-military headquarters for EU operations, a council of defence ministers, and better co-ordinate the production and sharing of military equipment.

在歐洲層面，白皮書呼籲“利用（歐盟條約提供的）一切可能性”在有意願的成員國之間建立深層次的合作，創建用於歐盟行動的聯合司令部（即各國國防部長組成的委員會），並更好地協調軍事裝備的生產與共享。

“The more we Europeans are ready to take on a greater share of the common burden and the more our American partner is prepared to go along the road of common decision-making, the further the transatlantic security partnership will develop greater intensity and richer results,” the paper states.

“我們歐洲人越是準備好承擔更大份額的共同責任，我們的美國夥伴越是準備好沿着共同決策的道路繼續前進，跨大西洋安全合作關係就越有可能變得更加強大和取得更豐富的成果，”白皮書稱。

Resistance to serious defence integration is well entrenched in many EU states and has hobbled efforts to make meaningful progress in common defence. Co-ordinated hard military power in Europe remains largely the preserve of Nato.

在很多歐盟國家，對正式防務一體化的牴觸是根深蒂固的，這種情緒削弱了在共同防務方面取得重大進展的努力。在歐洲協調軍事硬實力基本上仍是北約(Nato)的特權。

Liam Fox, former UK defence secretary and Brexit supporter, said that “many in the European project see Nato as an impediment to ever closer union”.

英國前防務大臣、退歐支持者利亞姆•福克斯(Liam Fox)表示，“許多投身歐洲一體化計劃的人士，把北約視爲阻礙建立更緊密聯盟的一個因素”。

Mr Fox added: “Their every instinct is to move towards European defence co-operation. The problem is that while they are unwilling to spend money, it is a dangerous fantasy that diverts money away from Nato.”

他接着說：“他們內心深處想的是促成歐洲防務合作。問題在於，他們不願意投入資金，指望把資金從北約抽調過來是一種危險的幻想。”