普京“下令”採取措施,爲擊垮美國選舉信任並幫助特朗普

Declassified report says Putin ‘ordered’ effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump

經解密的報告：普京“下令”採取措施，爲擊垮美國選舉信仰並幫助特朗普

President-elect Donald Trump talks to reporters at Mar-a-Lago on Dec. 28 in Palm Beach, Fla. (Ricky Carioti/The Washington Post)

當選總統特朗普於12月28日在佛羅里達州棕櫚海灘Mar-a-Lago俱樂部前發表演講（Ricky Carioti/華盛頓郵報）

Russia carried out a comprehensive cyber campaign to sabotage the U.S. presidential election, an operation that was ordered by Russian President Vladi-mir Putin and ultimately sought to help elect Donald Trump, U.S. intelligence agencies concluded in a remarkably blunt assessment released Friday.

週五一份解密了的美國情報機構報告向公衆發佈。其中直言：經普京總統下令，俄羅斯對美國大選進行了全方位的網絡攻擊，最終是爲了特朗普當選。

The report depicts Russian interference as unprecedented in scale, saying that Moscow’s role represented “a significant escalation in directness, level of activity, and scope of effort” beyond previous election-related espionage.

該報告將俄羅斯的干預描述爲“規模空前”，並稱，俄羅斯的行動“在活動程度和干預範圍上都出現了明顯的增加趨勢”，超越了以往與選舉相關的情報活動。

The campaign initially sought to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, “denigrate” Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and damage her expected presidency. But in time, Russia “developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump” and repeatedly sought to artificially boost his election chances.

此番活動最初是爲了瓦解公衆對美國民主進程的信仰，“詆譭”民主黨總統候選人希拉里，並中傷其預期的總統任期。但俄羅斯之後“表現出對現當選總統特朗普明顯的偏重”，並不斷人爲地尋求增加其當選機會。

The report released to the public is an abbreviated version of a highly classified multiagency assessment requested by President Obama. Even so, it amounts to an extraordinary postmortem of a Russian assault on a pillar of American democracy.

應奧巴馬總統要求，由多部門作出了一份絕密報告，向公衆公開的只是該報告的刪節版。即使如此，這也是對俄羅斯向美國民主支柱襲擊後的一場深刻反思。

The 14-page document made public also serves as an explicit rebuttal to Trump’s repeated assertions that U.S. spy agencies cannot determine who was responsible for a hacking operation that extracted thousands of emails from Democratic Party computer networks and dumped them into public view via the WikiLeaks website.

該14頁的公開報告也是爲了明確反駁特朗普的指責，其曾反覆斷言美國諜報機構查不清誰應爲數以千計的民主黨電子郵件遭泄露，經由維基解密向大衆公開的黑客事件負責。

U.S. intelligence agencies released a declassified version of their report on Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. election on Jan. 6, just hours after President-elect Donald Trump was briefed by American officials. (Video: Peter Stevenson: The Washington Post/Photo: Jabin Botsford/The Washington Post)

美國情報機構於1月6日就俄羅斯對2016年美國總統選舉干涉活動發佈了一份刪節版報告，幾小時前當選總統特朗普剛被美國官員傳問。（視頻：Peter Stevenson 圖片：Jabin Botsford 華盛頓郵報）

In the report, the CIA, FBI and Office of the Director of National Intelligence concluded with “high confidence” that Russian intelligence services penetrated numerous computer systems tied to U.S. political parties and then “relayed” the email troves to WikiLeaks.

CIA、FBI、國家情報局在該份報告中“十分確定”的認爲：俄羅斯情報機構滲入到巨量美國政黨相關的電腦，並將其中的電子郵件“中轉”去維基解密。

Trump emerged from a briefing by the nation’s top intelligence officials on the contents of the report acknowledging at least the possibility that Russia was behind election-related hacks. But he offered no indication that he was prepared to accept their conclusions that Moscow sought to help him win.

特朗普經美情報高官就該報告的詢問表明其至少知道俄羅斯在幕後操縱選舉相關的黑客事件。但他並未表示接受情報高官們的結論，那就是俄羅斯幫助他贏得選舉。

Instead, Trump said in a statement that while Russia, China and other countries and groups may have sought to breach Democratic and Republican computer systems, “there was absolutely no effect on the outcome of the election.”

相反，特朗普在一份聲明中稱，儘管俄羅斯，中國或者其他國家和組織可能想破壞民主黨和共和黨的計算機，“但對選舉的結果肯定沒有任何影響。”

The report did not address that issue. It was presented to Trump by officials including Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper Jr., CIA Director John Brennan and FBI Director James B. Comey.

由國家情報局局長James R. Clapper Jr，CIA局長John Brennan，FBI局長James B. Comey等多位高官提供給特朗普的該報告並未涉及此問題。

Trump also said that “there was no tampering whatsoever with voting machines.” That appeared to be consistent with the findings of the report, although it noted that Russia “obtained and maintained access” to numerous election systems that “were not involved in vote tallying.”

特朗普還稱，“投票機沒有遭到絲毫篡改。”這與報告中的結論大致相同，報告儘管指出俄羅斯“獲得並持有”對巨量選舉計算機的訪問權限，但“並未影響計票。”

A footnote on the document said that the conclusions contained in the declassified draft were “identical to those in the highly classified assessment but this version does not include the full supporting information on key elements of the influence campaign.”

公開版的報告中的一處腳註稱，文章得出的結論“與絕密版報告完全一致，只是該版並不含有針對影響干涉選舉活動關鍵因素的支撐證據。”

Obama commissioned the report shortly after the Nov. 8 election, and recently ordered a series of retaliatory measures including new economic sanctions, the expulsion of dozens of suspected Russian intelligence operatives from the United States and the closure of two Russian-owned compounds in the country.

奧巴馬在11月8日大選後不久就委託多部門起草該報告，並在最近採取了一系列報復性措施，包括新的經濟制裁，驅逐了十數名懷疑爲俄羅斯情報組織工作的人員，還關停了美國兩處俄羅斯所有的設施。

The Post’s Adam Entous reports that U.S. intelligence agencies intercepted electronic communications, known as “signals intelligence,” in which top Russian officials celebrated the outcome of the U.S. election. (Bastien Inzaurralde/The Washington Post)

記者Adam Entous稱美國情報機構攔截到俄羅斯高官慶祝美國大選結果的電訊信號。（Bastien Inzaurralde/華盛頓郵報）

The report was met with mixed reactions from senior lawmakers. Sen. Richard Burr (R-N.C.), the chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, described the Russian activities cited in the report as “a troubling chapter in an ongoing story, and I expect that our nation’s leaders will counter these activities appropriately.”

此報告引起了在資深議員中引起了多種反應。參議院情報委員會主席Sen. Richard Burr（共和黨全國委員會）將報告中描繪俄羅斯活動稱爲“當今社會中糟糕的一章，我希望我國領導人能採取合適措施反制此類活動。”

His counterpart in the House, Rep. Devin Nunes (R-Calif.), used the report to criticize Obama, saying that the House Intelligence Committee “has been warning the Obama administration for years about the need for stronger measures against Russia . . . but our warnings largely fell on deaf ears.”

衆議院中也有類似言論，共和黨議員Devin Nunes（共和黨加州委員會），引用該報告批評奧巴馬，並稱衆議院情報委員會“已經年累月警告過奧巴馬政府需要對俄羅斯採取更強硬措施...但我們的警告很大程度上被置若罔聞了。”

The public version of the report does not explicitly mention some of the most sensitive pieces of intelligence that helped analysts reach their conclusions. U.S. officials have said that spy agencies identified certain “actors” involved in the cyber offensive, believe Russia was far more focused on penetrating and exploiting Democratic systems, and intercepted communications making clear that top Russian officials congratulated themselves on Trump’s win.

公開版的報告也沒有明確提及一些最爲敏感的關鍵信息，以使其他分析師得出與美情報機構相同的結論。美高官聲稱情報機構已經甄別出網絡攻擊中特定的“參與者”，並相信俄羅斯遠不僅僅只想滲透、利用民主黨計算機系統，而且截獲的通訊信息顯示俄羅斯高官們在特朗普贏得大選後互相道賀。

One of the report’s key judgments is that “Putin and the Russian government aspired to help President-elect Trump’s election chances when possible by discrediting Secretary Clinton and publicly contrasting her unfavorably to him.”

報告的另一關鍵結論是“普京以及俄羅斯政府希冀在有可能的時候幫助特朗普贏得選舉，方式包括敗壞前國務卿希拉里的名聲，以對她不利的方式與特朗普進行公開對比。”

Moscow did so in part because it “developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump,” who as a candidate repeatedly praised Putin and advocated policies in Syria and Europe strongly favored by the Kremlin.

莫斯科之所以這樣做，部分原因是其“對當選總統特朗普產生了明顯的偏愛”，他作爲候選人時經常誇獎普京，主張的對敘利亞政策也很受克林姆林宮歡迎。

But the report also attributed Russia’s efforts to Putin’s hostility toward Clinton, a former senator and secretary of state whom he blamed for inciting mass protests against his government in 2011 and 2012.

但報告同時將俄羅斯的行動歸結於普京對希拉里的敵視，他曾指責這名前參議員和國務卿在2011年和2012年煽動羣衆抗議普京政府。

Overall, the report describes a multipronged campaign that involved not only hacking, but overt propaganda on Russian-controlled news platforms and the extensive use of social media and even “trolls” to amplify voter discord in the United States and encourage opposition to Clinton.

總而言之，報告表述了一場多管齊下的干涉活動，不僅包括黑客進攻，還有通過俄羅斯掌控的新聞平臺大肆報道，社交媒體的廣泛應用，甚至通過“引戰黨”刺激美國選民間的矛盾並鼓勵支持希拉里的反對者。

Despite those exertions, Russia appears to have concluded that a Clinton victory was inevitable right up until election night. As a result, Moscow focused on finding ways to undercut Clinton’s legitimacy if she won.

儘管有如此多努力，俄羅斯直到大選夜前似乎認爲希拉里當選已成定局。若是如此，俄羅斯政府會致力於想盡辦法質疑希拉里當選的合法性。

One of the more colorful notes in the report describes how “pro-Kremlin bloggers had prepared a Twitter campaign, #DemocracyRIP, on election night,” then had to shelve it when Trump won.

更有意思的是，報告稱“親俄派博客主已準備在選舉夜組織一場推特活動，#皿煮已死。”之後因特朗普當選而不得不取消。

The document traces interference efforts that began with inconspicuous probes of U.S. electoral systems in early 2014, carried through the election, and may still be underway.

報告稱可追朔的干涉活動始於2014年對美國選舉制度的小手腳，貫穿整場選舉，並可能仍在實施。

Russian intelligence agencies first gained access to Democratic National Committee networks in July 2015, the report says. Russia’s miliary intelligence service, known as the GRU, “probably” expanded its efforts in March 2016, going after the email accounts of Democratic Party officials and other political figures.

根據報告，俄羅斯情報機構在2015年7月第一次獲得了民主黨全國委員會網絡系統的接入許可。俄羅斯軍事情報組織，也被稱爲GRU（譯註：原蘇軍總參謀部情報總局），“很可能”在2016年3月加大力度，追蹤民主黨官員和其他政治人物的郵箱帳號。

By May, the GRU had stolen what the report describes as “large volumes of data from the DNC.” In the ensuing months, chunks of that trove began to appear on websites including WikiLeaks, generating a steady stream of headlines that embarrassed Democrats and kept voter attention on Clinton’s email controversy.

到5月，根據報告，GRU已竊取了“海量的民主黨全國委員會數據。”接下來的數月，珍貴信息開始出現在如維基解密之類的網站，並不斷成爲新聞頭條，使選民的注意力集中在希拉里郵件門的論戰上。

Putin has repeatedly denied that Russia was responsible for the hacked emails. In an interview with the New York Times on Friday, Trump called the sustained focus on the issue a “political witch hunt.”

普京已再三否認過俄羅斯應就郵件門事件負責。且特朗普在週五接受紐約時報的採訪中表示，對這一事件的持續關注是一種“政治迫害。”

The intelligence assessment also drew the most direct line to date between Putin’s desire to aid Trump’s campaign and Russia’s policies and objectives in Syria and Ukraine. In both cases, it said, Putin “indicated a preference for President-elect Trump’s stated policy to work with Russia, and pro-Kremlin figures spoke highly about what they saw as his Russia-friendly positions” in those two countries.

此份報告還將普京希望援助特朗普競選活動的時間，與俄羅斯對敘利亞和烏克蘭政策及目標出臺時間作了直接聯繫。在這兩件事中，普京“表現出了對特朗普願與俄羅斯協作的政策的認同，而且親俄派人物也高度評價所看到的特朗普的親俄立場。”

Putin is also eager for relief from economic sanctions imposed on Russia for its support of separatist forces in Ukraine and its annexation of Crimea.

普京也渴求解除因俄支持烏克蘭分離主義者和吞併克里米亞而受到的經濟制裁。

As recently as this week, Trump appeared to be siding with WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange — who has denied that his website got purloined emails from Russia — over the determinations of the CIA and FBI.

就在本週，特朗普似乎就CIA和FBI關於阿桑奇的決定上與其站在一邊，這名維基解密的創建者否認他的網站從俄羅斯得到失竊的郵件。

The report provides new details about U.S. intelligence agencies’ view of WikiLeaks and its relationship with Russia. “We assess with high confidence that the GRU relayed material it acquired from the DNC and senior Democratic officials to WikiLeaks,” the report said. “Moscow most likely chose WikiLeaks because of its self-proclaimed reputation for authenticity.”

報告揭露了美情報機構對維基解密及其與俄羅斯關係的看法的新細節。“我們充分相信GRU將獲取的民主黨全國委員會和民主黨高官的信息轉遞給維基解密，”報告還稱：“莫斯科最可能選擇的對象就是維基解密，因其關於信息可靠而自我吹噓出的聲譽。”

The report noted that none of the files passed to WikiLeaks contained “evident forgeries.”

報告指出，傳遞給維基解密的信息不包括“明顯僞造”的文件。

The document said that “Guccifer 2.0,” the online identity of a hacker purportedly involved in the campaign, “made multiple contradictory statements and false claims about his likely Russian identity throughout the election.” It was the document’s clearest indication that U.S. spy agencies believe they have identified him.

“Guccifer 2.0,” 某黑客的代號，據傳參與了此次行動，“其作出了多份矛盾的陳述，還在選舉過程中就俄羅斯身份發出過僞造證明。”這就是該報告中，美國情報機構相信他們已經鎖定此人最明確的表達。

In some ways, Russia’s intervention in the 2016 election is consistent with a long-standing pattern that traces back to the Soviet Union of espionage against prominent politicians and policymakers in the United States. U.S. spy agencies also devote significant resources to gathering intelligence on Putin and his subordinates.

從某種角度看，俄羅斯對2016大選的干預與其在蘇聯時代的一貫做法一脈相承，那時其已向美國著名政治家和決策者進行諜報活動。同時，美國情報機構也花費大量資源蒐集普京及其下屬的情報。

The report suggests that beyond his animosity toward Clinton, Putin may also have been driven by his own conviction that Moscow has been repeatedly targeted with embarrassing leaks that he attributes to the United States, including the Panama Papers files that showed how wealthy individuals close to the Kremlin had hidden their fortunes, as well as material that helped expose the doping scandal among Russia’s Olympic athletes.

除開普京本人對希拉里的敵意，他可能還有其他考量，普京認爲美國造成了俄羅斯政府數次的泄露事件，讓其相當難堪，比如巴拿馬文件，揭示出與克林姆林宮關係密切的富豪們如何隱匿自己的財富，還如俄羅斯運動員興奮劑醜聞的曝出。

Putin’s success in using cyber capabilities and propaganda to disrupt a U.S. presidential race is likely to embolden him to mount similar operations against the United States and its allies in the future. “We assess Russian intelligence services will continue to develop capabilities to provide Putin with options to use against the United States,” the report said.

普京成功運用網絡能力和宣傳機器混亂一場美國大選可能促使他將來對美國及其盟友展開相似行動。報告最後指出“我們預計俄羅斯情報機構將繼續發展網絡能力，以供普京可以對抗美國。”

Karen DeYoung and Julie Tate contributed to this report.

本報道由Karen DeYoung和Julie Tate協力撰稿。