畢業論文的參考文獻該怎麼寫

Wang Lei has already finished his dissertation weeks before the deadline in late May, but the 21-year-old student at Beijing Information Science and Technology University feels no relief as his thesis still needs to pass the plagiarism test.

21歲的王磊（音）是北京信息科技大學的學生，他們學校提交畢業學位論文的截止日期在五月下旬。雖然很早就完成了論文，但是他仍然很緊張，因爲論文還需要通過相似性檢測。

“I used a lot of material, but I forgot the sources, so I’m afraid I won’t pass,” he says.

他說：“我借鑑了太多材料，已經不記得出處了，所以我很擔心自己的論文不能通過檢測。”

Many of Wang’s peers share the same concerns. They write their theses without referencing the sources they use. As a result, when the test results come out, they have to rewrite part of their theses. In order to avoid such a situation, scholars suggest students familiarize themselves with citation and referencing styles, and start taking notes of their sources at an early stage.

無獨有偶，很多大學生都爲此而困擾。因爲他們在寫論文時沒有列出所有使用文獻的出處，於是，相似性結果出來後，他們又得重寫論文的某些部分。爲了避免這種情況，一些學者建議大學生們應熟悉引用書目與參考文獻的規範，在寫論文伊始就記錄好文獻出處。

Important differences

舉足輕重的不同之處

Yu Zhejun, a lecturer of philosophy at Fudan University, used to offer thesis-writing lectures to students in his department. As he observed, many students know very little about referencing styles.

於哲君（音）是復旦大學歷史系的講師，曾會爲他們學院的學生講授論文寫作。正如他所見，很多學生都對參考書目的書寫規範不甚瞭解。

“The papers they submit often include several styles of referencing,” he says. “Often they can’t even tell the difference between references and the bibliography.”

他說：“學生交上來的論文往往夾雜着好幾種參考文獻的格式，他們經常連引用書目與參考文獻都分不清。”

As Yu explains, the bibliography is the complete list of material consulted for the thesis, while the references explain the exact source and location of the material cited in the paper. There are two major styles of referencing that are commonly used in dissertations, namely Chicago style and Harvard style. (see below)

正如於老師的解釋，參考文獻一般是寫論文中所有參考到的文獻，而引用書目則是論文中引用的準確出處以及引用文字在原文獻中的位置（頁碼）。一般而言，學位論文的引用書目有兩種格式，一種是芝加哥格式，一種是哈佛格式（詳見下文）。

“As soon as you start reading for your dissertation, it is crucial to make detailed notes of what you’ve read and its sources,” he says. Since anything students read could become part of their thesis, having such detailed notes will avoid plagiarism in the writing phase.

他還說，“你一旦開始爲寫論文閱讀文獻，就需要詳細記錄所有看過的文獻及其出處，這很重要。”因爲學生讀過的任何內容都有可能會成爲其論文一部分，做詳細的記錄將避免他們在寫作環節出現抄襲的困擾。

Focus on research

專注於研究

When it comes to writing a dissertation, Zhang Jin, professor of history at Nanjing Normal University, says many students struggle with citations.

來自南京師範大學的張金教授（音）說，對於許多學生而言，只要一寫論文，就會因爲引用書目而苦苦糾結。

One of the most frequent mistakes they make is giving indirect sources. “They cite something that quotes the same thing from another source,” he says. “In such cases, the right procedure is to find the original source and reference it.”

在他看來，最常見的問題就是“二次引用”，“他們會引用其他文獻中引用的內容。而在這種情況下，找到原出處並引用原文才是正確之道。”

Another major mistake students often make is being disrespectful of originality. For example, if they find an idea useful, they don’t bother to find out who suggested it, but simply refer to the material in which they read about it, according to Zhang.

而不尊重原創性則是學生常犯的另一個主要錯誤。比如，如果學生髮現了一個可用的觀點，他們會不管這一觀點究竟出自何人之口，就只是列出他看到出現過這一觀點的文獻。

Such details are what matter the most in undergraduate dissertations, he says. “We don’t expect students to submit papers with great ideas. Instead, they should learn how to write papers and conduct research properly,” he says. Zhang believes that, ultimately, writing a thesis is research training for college students.

張教授還說，“這些細節性問題在本科畢業論文中最多。我們並不指望學生們的論文闡述了多少偉大的觀點，相反，我們希望他們能學會如何正確地寫論文、做研究。”他認爲，說到底，寫論文正是對大學生科研能力的一種鍛鍊。

Choose a style and stick to it

選擇一種格式，並應用到底

Chicago style: It is a method of citation commonly used in the art field. Students can find a quick guide to this style at _.

芝加哥格式：該格式一般用於文科領域的論文引用。可參考網頁：_.

Harvard style: It is a widely used referencing system. According to Yu Zhejun, a lecturer of philosophy at Fudan University, in China this system is more commonly used by science students.

哈佛格式：該格式廣泛使用於論文引用。根據復旦大學講師於哲君的說法，國內的理科生大多采用這種格式。

Other material: Students can find advice on references and citations in Introduction to the Study of Chinese Ancient History, a book by Rong Xinjiang, professor of history at Peking University.

其他文獻：更多關於參考文獻與引用的建議，同學們可以參考北京大學歷史系教授榮新江的著作《中國古代史研究入門》。