託福閱讀4大類文章主要結構實例分析提速從瞭解結構開始
託福閱讀文章話題種類很多，其中有許多學術性較強的文章從未接觸過此類話題的同學可能會覺得很難看懂理解，其實想要看懂這類文章或是提升閱讀速度，考生完全可以從分析文章結構的角度入手。本文將爲大家介紹託福閱讀的4大類主要文章結構，一起來看。
託福閱讀4大類文章主要結構實例分析 提速從瞭解結構開始
1、Problem/Solution(問題與解決方法)
Problem/Solution解決方法類文章指的是文章一開頭就拋出一個問題，而主題內容是在就這個問題進行探討給出答案。此類文章最明顯的特徵就是在開頭段背景引入部分會引入問題，然後下面給出幾種可能的解釋。例如TPO17《Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia》這篇文章，開頭段講東西方人都想要彼此進行貿易，但是苦於陸上交通被阻隔掉了，因此需要海上貿易，可是又存在一系列的問題。接着文章就具體描述存在的問題以及是如何克服掉這些阻礙的。主要問題介紹完了整篇文章也就差不多了，而最後的文章內容小結題總結出來的三個選項也是跟這些主要問題相關的。
2、Classification(分類)
Classification指的是文章對某一個大的話題進行分類討論，這類文章結構非常清晰，能夠讓我們一目瞭然。以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》爲例，文章討論的大的話題是symbiotic relationship(共生關係)，文章在第一段就直接寫明有3種symbiotic relationships，然後接下來分段論述這3種共生關係分別有什麼樣的特點。這樣的結構對於我們做文章內容小結題非常有利，因爲summary通常就是把所分的幾個小類分別用一個選項概括出來。把握住了文章中3種共生關係的主要特點，最後一題也就手到擒來了。
同樣屬於分類結構的文章還有TPO13的《Types of Social Groups》，TPO16的《Planets of Our Solar Systems》，TPO20的《Fossil Preservation》等等，讀文章時要注意記錄各個類型的主要特點，這樣在面對最後一題時即便時間有限也可以從容不迫。
3、Comparison/Contrast(比較)
Comparison/Contrast指的是文章中含有兩種相關的事物，將這兩種事物在各個方面進行了一系列的比較，其實整體結構類似於上面所說的分類。比較典型的文章例如TPO12的《Water in the Desert》，文中主要介紹了沙漠中的水，將其中的河流分爲兩大類：Endogenous Rivers(內流河)和Exogenous Rivers(外流河)，然後分別論述這兩大類的主要特徵。
在碰到這種類型的文章時，往往最後會出一道表格題，要求考生總結兩個比較對象的特徵。表格題區別於文章內容小結題的一大特點是，選項中包含的細節比較多。不同於小結題的選項高度概括，表格題本質上其實是基於全文的細節題，需要看的內容比較多，所以在前面看文章時需要記好筆記，將文章主要行文結構弄清楚：這兩類事物的本質區別是什麼?分別在哪些段落講述了各自的特徵?確定好大的框架，最後做題時進行定位不至於慌亂。
類似的文章還有官方指南的《Applied Arts and Fine Arts》，《Artisan and Industrialization》，《Nineteenth-Century Politics In the United States》，《Early Cinema》以及TPO7的《Ancient Rome and Greece》，TPO30的《The Pace of Evolutionary Change》等等。
4、Cause/Effect(因果)
Cause/Effect又稱現象解釋型文章，所指的是一篇文章討論的話題是一個現象，就這個現象的形成原因或是產生的結果花了大量篇幅進行介紹。最爲典型的一篇文章就是官方指南中的《Desert Formation》，文章主要就是在介紹沙漠化形成的各種原因，最後文章小結也就是將這些原因當中比較重要的幾點總結出來，所以概括時主要關注每個段落的中心句即可。官方指南中的《Green Icebergs》，《The Expression of Emotions》以及TPO16的《Trade and Ancient Middle East》等都屬於此類文章。
託福閱讀答題如何做到精準
以下的錯誤，你犯了沒有?
1、不讀完文章，直接做題。這種方法相當於瞎子摸象，對文章只有局部而主觀的認知，整個文章的概念是根本無法獲得的。以自己的思想去猜測文章大意，很多時候會偏離主旨。所以，這種不看文章直接做題的方法是極其危險的。
2、一字不漏地細讀文章，再做題。如果你的閱讀速度超羣，或者這篇文章你很熟悉，那這樣做未嘗不可。但是一般來說，採用細讀會導致做題時間嚴重不足。要知道，閱讀理解測試的不止是理解，更是速度。
3、詞彙題迷信自己的記憶。在做詞彙題時，許多考生認爲做不對題與自己的詞彙量有關，認識單詞能做對，不認識單詞就會做錯。事實上，那些認識的單詞經常做錯，不認識的單詞反而能做對。原因是，做不認識單詞時，考生往往會仔細研讀詞彙題的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做認識單詞時，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是裝模作樣的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉擇。所以，做好詞彙題關鍵在於透徹分析上下文所要表達的涵義。
從題型來看，TOEFL閱讀的特點是題量大，涉及的詞彙面廣。要想考好閱讀，要求考生不光有紮實的英語基礎，還需要精準的做題策略。
第一步：花兩三分鐘時間掃描每篇文章頭一兩個句子，做一個簡短的scanning，定位文章難易程度，以及瞭解文章大致主題。雖然平均每篇文章做題時間爲11分鐘，但是有的文章七八分鐘便可以輕鬆對付，有的文章則需要15分鐘左右，所以這其中的時間安排就需要考生自主調節。一般來說，5篇文章中有2篇難度大一些，按部就班做題就有可能因時間不夠而做錯好幾道題甚至是來不及做，帶來巨大的損失。因此首先定位文章難易程度，同時目測文章的題量分佈，這有助於科學分配閱讀部分的做題時間，是非常必要的。
教師在線指導，如何備考託福閱讀考試
第二步：通過閱讀文章結構來進一步進行scanning。所謂結構，即文章的骨架子。 TOEFL文章涉及人文社科和自然科學，大多是結構明確的議論文、說明文，它們最顯著的特點是呈板塊結構。 TOEFL文章均由數個自然段組成，正確的閱讀文章的方法應該是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句經常爲文章主題，然後把首段的其他句子儘快略讀，文章其他段落採取同樣的方法閱讀。各段落其他句子一般來說都是用來說明各個段落的主題句，同時也應該看一下第二句，如果有轉折詞，則此時第二句纔是這一段的主旨。沒有必要每個句子都理解，很多時候這樣做無疑是白白浪費時間。以最快捷的方式瞭解文章大意，從而正確引導下一步做具體的題，而不至於出現大方向的理解錯誤。而自始至終考生應該遵循這條原則：看完文章，才能開始做題。
做題時，考生們應該明白以下道理：
1、有據可循。每篇文章題目都根據文章佈局一步一步向前推進，即使有個別題打亂文章佈局，在題幹裏總是有提供信息的關鍵詞將考生帶入文章的具體部位。
2、迴歸原文。做題時，根據題幹或選項的關鍵詞迴歸文章尋找重現關鍵詞或其釋義的語言區域，同時排除相應的選項。
3、整句分析。遇到難句子時，應該對其進行句子結構分析，排除修飾成分，尋找主幹部分，從而迅速把握整個句子的意思，不要盯着單個的詞不放，不然就會因小失大。
4、基於事實。每個問題的四個選項或者是對文章中相關部分的正確釋度、或者是歪曲原文、或者與原文毫不相干。換句話說，命題專家在設置試題時會玩一些文字遊戲，用各種表達形式讓考生暈頭轉向、霧裏看花。考生應該明白自己的職責是辨別真僞，找到符合文章意思和題意的選項。
託福閱讀真題1
The first birds appeared during late Jurassic times. These birds are known from four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany. This fine-grained rock, which is extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail. In this way, the late Jurassic bird skeletons, which have been named Archaeopteryx, were fossilized. And not only were the bones preserved in these skeletons, but also were imprints of the feathers. If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in association with Archaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics. Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a long tail. The forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.
Modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of metabolism. In addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back each year.
Most birds also have very strong legs, which allow them to run or walk on the ground as well as to fly in the air. Indeed, some of the waterbirds, such as ducks and geese, have the distinction of being able to move around proficiently in the water, on land, and in the air, a range in natural locomotor ability that has never been attained by any other vertebrate.
1. According to the author, all of the following evidence relating to the first birds was found EXCEPT
(A) nesting materials
(B) four skeletons in good condition
(C) two fragmented skeletons
(D) a single feather
2. The word preserved in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) confused with others
(B) gradually weakened
(C) protected from destruction
(D) lost permanently
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Archaeopteryx were classified as birds on the basis
of
(A) imprints of bones
(B) imprints of feathers
(C) the neck structure
(D) skeletons
4. The word they in line 10 refers to
(A) indications
(B) fossils
(C) dinosaurs
(D) characteristics
5. Why does the author mention a crow in line 11?
(A) to indicate the size of Archaeopteryx
(B) To specify the age of the Archaeopteryx fossils
(C) To explain the evolutionary history of Archaeopteryx
(D) To demonstrate the superiority of the theropod to Archaeopteryx
6. It can be inferred from the passage that theropods were
(A) dinosaurs
(B) birds
(C) Archaeopteryx
(D) crows
7. The word constant in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) comfortable
(B) combined
(C) consistent
(D) complementary
8. The author mentions all of the following as examples of complex behavior patterns evolved by
birds EXCEPT
(A) migrating
(B) nesting
(C) singing
(D) running
9. The word attained in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) required
(B) achieved
(C) observed
(D) merited
PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB
託福閱讀真題2
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber — or lint — from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.
In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States — west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time
when
(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products
(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry
(C) cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process
(D) cotton became the most important American export product
2. The word favored in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) preferred
(B) recommended
(C) imported
(D) included
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for
cotton EXCEPT
(A) cotton's softness
(B) cotton's ease of processing
(C) a shortage of flax and wool
(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.
4. The word laborious in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) unfamiliar
(B) primitive
(C) skilled
(D) difficult
5. According to the passage , one advantage of Sea island cotton was its
(A) abundance of seeds
(B) long fibers
(C) long growing season
(D) adaptability to different climates
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United
States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?
(A) More cotton came from Sea island cotton plants than before.
(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.
(C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically.
(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.
7. The word surge in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) sharp increase
(B) sudden stop
(C) important change
(D) excess amount
8. The author mentions wheat and wheat flour in line 23 in order to
(A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.
(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.
(C) demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products.
(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.
9. The word unprecedented in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) slow
(B) profitable
(C) not seen before
(D) never explained
10. According to the passage , the Mississippi River was
(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place
(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops
(C) the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported
(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machinery
PASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA
託福閱讀4大類文章主要結構實例分析 提速從瞭解結構開始
