託福獨立寫作常識介紹

備考託福獨立寫作的考生，一定要明確託福寫作的一些常識，這樣才能更有針對的備考。下面，本站小編給大家介紹託福獨立寫作備考常識，供大家參考。

託福獨立寫作字數要求

官方對於託福獨立寫作的說法是：“An effective response is typically about 300 words long……“，因此對於託福獨立寫作的要求只是一個模糊的概念，大約在300字左右。不過，在字數範圍之上，官方對於有效、充分地表達自己的寫作觀點纔是重中之重。因此，編輯在這裏和大家再次申述一遍，託福獨立寫作的關鍵是要對考題展開充分論述，從而有利地支持文章觀點，充足的字數是必須的，但是300字並不是嚴格的要求範圍。

託福獨立寫作審題和佈局

託福寫作的第一步就是審題和文章佈局。審題的精確程度直接影響到託福寫作文章話題的出準確度以及文章內容的整體發展。而對於託福獨立寫作題目的分析可知，託福獨立寫作題目大部分都是支持/反對的類型，剩下的一小部分是對比論述型。審題之後，就是要對文章進行佈局搭建，一般來說，五段式的三個主體段，若都是同意或者都是反對的理由的話，一般這些分論點有兩種邏輯順序。第一種按照“重要性”來排，將你認爲最主要的理由放在第一個主體段中詳細論證;第二種是按照“小到大”的原則，即個人方面的理由先寫，然後再是家庭，公司，最後再是社會，國家。

託福獨立寫作例證技巧

在審題和佈局之後，就是論述觀點的階段。對於這部分而言，一般是用例證法論述。其中使用頻率最高的是分類例證法和人物例證法。分類例證法主要是根據託福寫作常考的題材進行論證，這樣更有針對性;而人物例證法，可以在寫作時選擇體育界、商界等領域的名人作爲文章的例子，很具有說服力。人物舉例的另一個優勢是可使用的句子結構豐富，可以廣泛使用虛擬語氣、排比句，這裏筆者以虛擬語氣爲例進行說明。

　　託福寫作中必須跨越的文化障礙

託福寫作過程實際上是一種跨文化交際過程，文化差異必定成爲學生寫作中獲取高分的障礙。託福寫作不是要求學生堆砌各類高難詞彙或者絞盡腦汁編造長難句的過程，而是要求學生用英文準確描述自己中文思維的過程，達意是託福寫作的最高境界。因此，學生必須熟悉中英文在表達方式上的差異，才能做到在考場上的精準轉述，進而獲得高分。本文以中英文表達法的差異爲切入點，進行託福寫作中跨文化交際的探討。

在託福寫作教學中，常常會發現：學生的英語似乎被漢語同化，句子中充滿了中國式的英語(Chinglish)。其中原因恐怕涉及很多方面，但主要原因在於學生對兩種語言的句子表達方式差異不瞭解。因此在英語寫作教學中，應堅持英漢比較原則，讓學生理性認識兩種語言的異同。正如呂淑湘所說：“對於中國學生最有用的幫助是讓他們認識英語和漢語的差別，在每一個具體問題-詞形、詞義、語法範疇、句子結構上，都儘可能用漢語的情況來根英語作比較，讓他們通過比較得到更深刻的領會。”

一、英語重形合，漢語重意合

所謂行合指英語句子中各分句之間的聯繫大多是通過詞彙紐帶直接體現出來的，並且英語中單個詞的變化會體現意義的變化。所謂意合指漢語句子主要通過字詞的意義連接起來。

1.英語中的名詞單複數變化

一本書 a book

兩本書 two books

在漢語中，名詞的單複數全靠意合，也就是，”書“這個字不會變化，變的是”書“前面的修飾詞;而在英語中名詞的複數一定是體現在”book“這一個詞上的，一定要把“book”改成“books”。在託福寫作中，英語的單複數形式是學生最最容易忽略的一點，也是最容易扣分的一點，那在寫作的時候默唸名詞單複數100遍，保證不犯這種錯誤。

2.英語中動詞的時態變化

我昨天在香港大學做了演講。

I made a speech in the University of Hong Kong yesterday.

她正在香港大學做演講。

She is making a speech in the University of Hong Kong.

在漢語中，一件事情發生的時間是“昨天”、“現在”還是“未來”，只要加上“昨天”、“今天”、“明天”這幾個詞就好了。但是在英文中不行，一定要在“動詞”上進行體現。由於這點中西文化差異，時態也是很多學生選擇性忽略的一點跨文化常識，明明寫的是過去發生的事情，偏偏用現在時態。考試時留幾分鐘檢查語法錯誤，爲自己多爭取幾分。

3.句子表達

英語句子主幹結構突出，即主謂賓結構明顯，其他定語、狀語、補語成分好似主幹上的枝葉，藉助各種關聯詞進行搭建，把句子的子句有機結合起來。而漢語句子沒有主謂框架限制。

例如：1)留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒

As long as the green mountains are there, one should not worry about firewood.

2)冬天來了，春天還會遠嗎?

If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

在例句1)的漢語表達中，並沒有“只要”這個詞，但是在英文中需要寫出“as long as”這個短語，也要加上泛指的主語”one“，因爲英文句子一定要有基本的”主謂“結構。例句2)中的英文表達中加入了漢語中沒有”if“ 這個詞，來體現英文的”主謂“結構以及從句結構。

　　託福備考之寫作要注意用詞

compare與contrast的誤用

我們先從兩者的定義入手來看兩者的區別。 Compare的定義爲：to examine people or things to see how theyare similar or different. Contrast的定義爲：to comparetwo or more things to show the difference betweenthem.由定義不難看出前者側重於找到兩個或多個事物的異同，而後者則側重於它們的不同。

看個例句：

It is interesting to compare their situations to ours./It is interesting to contrast theirsituations to ours.

前一句翻譯爲：對比一下我們的情況與他們的情況會很有趣。

後一句的翻譯爲：我們的情況與他們的情況有很大的不同，這很有趣。

再看一個引自OXFORD ADBANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY的例子：

There is an obvious contrast between the culture of East and West.

The company lost $7 million in contrast to a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier.

When you look at their new system， ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast.

不難發現，Compare翻譯爲“與。。。相比”而contrast可譯爲“明顯不同的是。。。”，切記這種翻譯方式就不會用錯彼此了。

其中最容易有問題的便是介詞的使用了，下面來看看幾種情況：

1、普通介詞的誤用

一般表現爲固定搭配錯誤，如常把provide sb with sth用成provide sb sth; be satisfied with用成besatisfied for等等，雖然這樣的錯誤看似無傷大雅，但在考官眼裏就是影響順暢閱讀的，根據託福學寫作評分標準當然會影響最終成績。解決的辦法簡單而古老：把常見的固定搭配牢記於心，問題自然就解決了。

2、 “to”作爲介詞的誤用

“to”最常見的用法是以動詞不定式符號的形式出現的，所以同學們也已經習慣了“to do”的固定搭配。對於一些如walk to me， to the left等介詞to表方向等常見用法一般也不會出現錯誤。但是對於與動詞搭配的介詞to就會經常犯錯：

如：

More and more students have taken to depend on their parents to make decision for them.

這裏的‘take to’ means ‘to begin to do sth as a habit’其中‘to’爲介詞，所以後面只能接名詞或相當於名詞的詞，如動名詞。所以黑體處應改爲“depending on”。“take to”的另一個常用用法也需要牢記：

He hasn’t taken to his new school. (這裏‘take to’ means ‘to stArt liking sb or sth’)

Prefer A to B中的“to”也是介詞，會有prefer doing sth to doing sth/ prefer sth to sthelse，“prefer to do sth rather than do sth”中的“to”可是真正的不定式符號。

類似的常用用法請同學們牢記：

Be used to doing

Be accustomed to doing

See to doing

Adapt to doing

Adjust to doing

prefer doing sth. to doing sth.

等等，託福寫作請注意平時仔細積累。

assume及claim使用不夠準確

我們知道， think， assume， claim是議論文中常用引出觀點的動詞。在實際作文中，同學們往往認爲幾個詞的意思是一樣的，完全可以代換，所以拿過來就用。甚至還有同學把consider也拿過來與之混用。我們首先還是從定義來看這幾個詞的不同：

Think： to have opinion or belief about sth.

翻譯爲“認爲”，通常接賓語從句來表達比較確定的觀點。

Assume： to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it.

翻譯爲“假設、假定”，是否有事實依據是不確定的。

Claim： to say sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believeit.

翻譯爲“聲稱”，用這個詞往往意味着不贊同緊跟其後的觀點，所以很少用作‘I claim that…

Scientist are claiming a breakthrough in the fight against cancer， but in fact， …。

所以‘It is claimed that’通常翻譯爲“有報道稱。。。”。和‘it is reported that ’的區別在於後者翻譯爲“據報道”，往往代表着作者贊同報告的內容，

Consider： to think about sth carefully， especially in order to make a decision

翻譯爲“考慮”，一般不用作引出觀點，看個例子：

We are considering buying a new car.

所以，千萬不要在託福寫作的第一段(觀點表達段)就因爲用詞把握不準而導致對整篇文章的低分印象。

表“建議”的詞彙後面忘記用虛擬從句

這是摘自學生託福作文中的一個病句：

I suggest he continues his study instead of working after graduation from high school.

因爲‘suggest’翻譯爲“建議”，所以後面的從句應該用虛擬語氣，黑體部分應該改爲“(should) continue”

所以考生一定要牢記以下常見表“建議”的託福寫作詞彙，而且要記住這些詞接從句時要用虛擬語氣：

Recommend， suggest， advise

such as與for example的混用

我們知道，在表示舉例子的時候，such as與like是完全等同的，如：Wild flowers such as/likeorchids and primroses are becoming rare.

但是同學們對於Such as、for example的把握還是不夠準確。我們都知道，後者接句子前者接詞語表示舉例子。於是就有了下面的寫法：

There is a similar word in many languages， such as in French and Italian.

這裏的such as改爲for example爲好，因爲“in French and Italian”其實是“there is a similar word inFrench and Italian”的簡化，所以要用for example來引出例證。再來看個類似的例子：

It is possible to combine computer science with other subjects, for example physics.

　　託福寫作範文：經濟危機時政府減少支出

託福獨立寫作題目：

In times of an economic crisis, in which area should governments reduce its spending? 1. Arts 2. Scientific research 3. Parks and public gardens.

託福寫作模板及參考答案：

託福寫作範文參考:

During an economic crisis, governments face difficult choices of monetary allocation with reduced budgets. In this challenging time, it is of vital importance for policy-makers to recognize the effectiveness of policy-making on certain social services or programs such as arts, scientific research and park and public gardens. If a choice has to be made, in my opinion, the government should reduce its spending on arts.

To begin with, in times of an economic crisis, it is significant for policy-makers to recognize the necessity of investing in scientific research because it exerts a far-reaching effect. If the financial crisis leads to substantial cuts in funding for scientific research by governments, it will be difficult to muster investment for a public good, like clean air, or for extremely risky initiatives, such as novel approaches to new antibiotic drugs, or in areas where the outcome is uncertain. As a matter of fact, technological innovation, biomedical breakthroughs, and tackling pressing environmental issues all require sustained scientific development, from basic discovery to final application. Investing in research is investing in the future, and it requires a long-term commitment to the accumulation of knowledge, the testing of basic principles, and the translation of these discoveries into practical applications that impact everyday life. Consequently, governments ought to attach more importance to the scientific studies so as to develop world class research base and conduct crucial scientific projects.

Furthermore, funding for parks and public gardens provides an opportunity for people to engage in physical activities, which is considerably beneficial to health. Nowadays, due to the sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating diet, overweight and obesity are epidemic problems across the world, and related conditions are on the rise. A primary focus of attention is providing environment where people can be physically active. Parks offer such an opportunity. In addition, health studies have shown that people who do regular exercise get a range of benefits when they are in natural settings, like parks and public gardens. These benefits include reduced risk of premature death; reduced risk of heart disease, hypertension, cancer; improved maintenance of muscle strength; weight loss and favorable redistribution of body fat; improved physical functioning. Therefore, when governments allocate fiscal spending on parks such as well-designed and well-maintained paths as well as attractive scenery, people can substantially improve their health and quality of life by doing moderate amounts of physical activity in their daily lives.

Undeniably, if governments pay more attention to investment in art, people can enrich inner world as a diverse and productive cultural environment can provide the spirit and important intangible values. However, in times of crisis, people usually lay emphasis on basic needs instead of spiritual needs. As a result, the importance of material comforts outweighs that of nourishment for the mind and it does not mean that people’s quality of life will be dramatically affected if governments cut budget on art and provide less financial support on art institutions. In a sense, it will not directly influence people’s life at least in a short term because people rarely need to satisfy their aesthetic needs everyday. Therefore, compared with scientific research and park and public gardens, art is least associated with people’s daily life and it needs less concern.

From what has been discussed above, scientific studies serve the common interest of the entire human race and doing exercise in parks and public gardens constitutes an indispensable part of daily life. It is more applicable and reasonable to cut down spending on art in the times of an economic crisis.