研究發現 女老闆都是"活雷鋒"

The causes of the gender wage gap are a perennial source of debate. Is it due to women’s negotiation skills, career choices, discrimination — or some combination?
有關男女工資差距的原因一直爭議不斷。這個問題究竟是由於女性的談判能力、職業選擇、性別歧視，還是多種原因共同作用下造成的？

A growing body of research into female entrepreneurs is raising more questions, as it points to a surprising phenomenon: When women are in charge, many opt to pay themselves lower salaries than do their male counterparts. And yet, the women entrepreneurs tend to be happier with their work.
日益豐富的女性創業研究項目正在提出更多的問題，它指向了一種令人意外的現象：相比男性，女性掌權時給自己開出的工資更低。但女性創業者從工作中獲得的幸福感更高。

Researchers at the London School of Economics, Aston Business School, and University of Antwerp studied 159 U.K. “social entrepreneurs,” business owners who try to create social as well as financial value. Their findings: female social entrepreneurs paid themselves 23 percent less than did their male counterparts, but they had higher job satisfaction. (Researchers calculated the gap after adjusting for differences in jobs, demographics, values and other factors.)
倫敦經濟學院（London School of Economics）、阿斯頓商學院（Aston Business School）和安特衛普大學（University of Antwerp）的研究人員，對159名英國“社會創業者”進行了研究，這些創業者在創造經濟價值的同時，也在努力創造社會價值。研究發現：女性社會創業者給自己支付的工資，比男性低23%，但她們有更高的工作滿意度。（研究人員在根據職業、人口統計羣體、價值觀和其他因素進行調整後計算出工資差額。）

The researchers concluded that the women simply were less driven by traditionally-defined ideas of success, instead finding their satisfaction in creating social change. In fact, the authors noted, the women’s “satisfaction with business success was independent of their business’ actual level of sales.” As one researcher told the Financial Times, “Women are putting more emphasis on the social than commercial success and they are getting more out of the organization than men.”
研究人員得出的結論顯示，女性更少受到傳統成功觀念的左右，相反，她們會因爲帶來社會變化而獲得滿足感。事實上，研究人員發現，女性“對商業成功的滿意度，與公司的實際銷售水平無關。”一位研究人員告訴《金融時報》（Financial Times）：“女性更注重社會成功，而非商業成功，她們比男性從組織中獲得的更多。”

Is this just a phenomenon among social entrepreneurs? The evidence suggests not, according to Kristen Roche, an assistant professor of business administration and director of the MBA program at Mount Mary University in Milwaukee. She and co-author Keith Bender, a professor of economics at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, found this same gender disparity among entrepreneurs in STEM an as-yet unpublished paper, Roche and her coauthor examined data from a large, longitudinal study involving 8,897 men and 4,595 women, all college graduates who were self-employed. For the women, advancement opportunities and salary tended to be less important than the location of their business and their contributions to society. For example, 33 percent of self-employed men identified salary as very important, while 29 percent of women did. When it came to making a contribution to society, 37 percent of men described that as very important; 46 percent of women did, said Roche.
這是否只是一種僅存在於社會企業家羣體的現象？密爾沃基瑪麗山大學（Mount Mary University）企業管理學助理教授、MBA課程主任克里斯汀o羅克表示，證據顯示這並非一種個別現象。她與蘇格蘭阿伯丁大學（University of Aberdeen）經濟學教授凱斯o本德爾發現，STEM（即科學、技術、工程、數學）領域創業者也存在這種性別差異。羅克和合著者在尚未發表的論文中，對一項大規模縱向研究的數據進行了分析，研究涉及8,897名男性和4,595名女性，全部爲自主創業的大學畢業生。對於女性而言，提升機會與工資的重要性，要低於公司的位置和對社會的貢獻。例如，33%的男性認爲工資非常重要，而持同樣觀點的女性僅有29%。而在社會貢獻方面，有37%的男性認爲這一點非常重要；持同樣觀點的女性則有46%。

Still, other research suggests that there may be more factors at work. The latest research from the Diana Project, a Babson College initiative promoting female entrepreneurship, for instance, has found that only 2.7 percent of companies that received venture funding from 2011 to 2013 had female CEOs. It could be that because female entrepreneurs have a more difficult time attracting funds, they tend to be more careful about how they spend.
其他研究顯示，更多因素可能對這種情況造成了影響。例如，巴布森學院（Babson College）以鼓勵女性創業爲主題的戴安娜項目（Diana Project）最新研究發現，在2011年至2013年獲得風投資金的公司中，CEO爲女性的僅佔2.7%。造成這種情況的原因，或許是女性創業者吸引資金的難度更大，因此她們在如何花錢方面更爲謹慎。（財富中文網）