蘋果手機以舊換新 原來真相是這樣！

小編導讀：3月31日，蘋果的以舊換新計劃正式在中國大陸執行。除了腎6，其他蘋果手機都可以參與。其中愛瘋4的回收價是250元，4S500塊，5S則是1500。大批果粉在吐槽回收價“太低”，還不如賣給黃牛的同時，大家有沒有想過，爲什麼手機要以舊換新呢？

An average smartphone contains 41 different elements - and last year alone 1.2 billion of the handsets were sold globally.
一部手機中一般包含有41種元素，去年一年全球就賣出了120億部手機。

This is causing an imbalance between the supply of metals and metalloids and their demand from consumers - a concept referred to as 'criticality.'
這樣會導致金屬及類金屬的供應和消費者需求之間的不平衡，被稱爲“臨界狀態”。

Researchers have now assessed the criticality of all 62 metallic-based elements on the Periodic Table to reveal which are most at risk and what that means for our gadgets in the long-term.
研究人員現已對元素週期表中的62種金屬元素的臨界狀態進行了評估，列出了處於瀕危狀態的金屬名單，並從長遠角度分析了這些金屬的儲量能否滿足人類製造小器具的需求。

Metal criticality is analysed in three ways - supply risk, vulnerability to supply restriction (VSR) and environmental implications.
金屬的臨界狀態通過三種方法分析得出，供應危機、供應制約的脆弱性（VSR）以及環境影響。

Using these three categories, researchers from Yale University led by Professor Thomas Graedel were able to see which metals and metalloids are most at risk within each group.
通過使用以上三種指標，托馬斯•格雷德爾教授等來自耶魯大學的研究人員得出了處於瀕危狀態的金屬名單。

Many of the metals traditionally used in manufacturing, including zinc, copper, and aluminum, are not at risk, explained Professor Graedel.
格雷德爾教授說，許多在傳統制造業中使用到的金屬如鋅、銅和鋁等並未處於瀕危狀態。

However, the newer or less-common metals used in smartphones, infrared optics, and medical imaging, are vulnerable.
但是在相對較新的智能手機、紅外光鏡、醫學成像等領域中使用到的、相對不常見的稀有金屬反而比較危險。

The team's results show that the limitations for many important metals used in smartphones and other gadgets are largely those related to supply risk.
該團隊的研究結果顯示智能手機及其他小器械中使用到的許多重要金屬都會因爲供應危機而受到限制。

These include gallium used in processor chips and selenium in transistors on these chips.
這些金屬包括數據處理芯片中使用到的鎵以及這些芯片的晶體管中使用到的硒。

Platinum group metals including gold and mercury have the highest environmental implications.
而包括金、汞在內的鉑類金屬對環境造成的危害最大。

'The metals we've been using for a long time probably won't present much of a challenge,' said Professor Graedel.
格雷德爾教授說：“我們對已經使用了很長時間的金屬反倒不用擔心。”

'We've been using them for a long time because they're pretty abundant and they are generally widespread geographically.
“我們能用這麼長時間就是因爲它們儲量豐富、地理上分佈得也很廣。”

'But some metals that have become deployed for technology only in the last 10 or 20 years are available almost entirely as byproducts.
“但是最近一二十年興起的科技產業中所使用的金屬幾乎是作爲副產品出現的。”

'You can't mine specifically for them; they often exist in small quantities and are used for specialty purposes. And they don't have any decent substitutes.'
“我們無法明確地直接對這些金屬進行開採，它們儲量小、用途特定，而且沒有合適的替代品。”

The researchers listed these as indium, arsenic, thallium, antimony, silver, and selenium. There is no substitute for indium, in particular, and this could impact our touchscreens.
研究人員列出的這類金屬名單包括：銦，砷，鉈，銀和硒。其中銦沒有任何可以替代它的金屬，而它是生產觸摸屏需要用到的重要材料之一。