中英雙語話史記 第137期:抗日戰爭

The Republic of China

中華民國

Anti-Japanese War

抗日戰爭

Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex- Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet regime of Manchukuo in 1932.

迫於人口增長的壓力和對原材料的需求，日本在1931年9月奪取了東北三省，並脅迫前清末代皇帝溥儀建立了滿洲國傀儡政府。

The loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Nationalist economy.

東北三省淪陷，失去了其巨大的工業和軍工發展潛力，極大打擊了國民經濟。

The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of the Japanese Japanese began to push from south of the Great Wail into northern China and into the coastal provinces.

一戰結束後建立的國際聯盟，在面對日本的挑釁時無所作爲，日本便開始從長城以南向中國北部和沿海省份推進。

Chinese fury against Japan was predictable, but anger was also directed against the Guomindang government, which at the time was more preoccupied with anti-Communist extermination campaigns than with resisting the Japanese invaders.

中國人對於日本的憤恨是可以理解的，但憤怒一樣針對國民黨政府，後者在當時更專注於反共運動而非抗擊日本侵略者。

The importance of “internal unity before external danger” was forcefully brought home in December 1936, when Nationalist troops (who had been ousted from Manchuria by the Japanese) mutinied at Xi’an.

直到1936年12月，被日本從東北驅逐的國軍在西安發動兵變，使國民黨確立了“停止內戰，一致抗日”的重要思想。

The mutineers forcibly detained Chiang Kai-shek for several days until he agreed to cease hostilities against the Communist forces in northwest China and to assign Communist units combat duties in designated anti-Japanese front areas.

叛變者強行扣留了蔣介石好幾天，直到他答應停止對中國西北共產黨軍隊的敵對行爲，並在抗日前線地區給共黨部隊分配作戰任務。

The Chinese resistance stiffened after July 7, 1937, when a clash occurred between Chinese and Japanese troops outside Beijing (then renamed Beiping ) near the Marco Polo Bridge.

1937年7月7日,中日軍隊在北京(當時叫做北平)外的盧溝橋發生衝突，中國開始全面抗日。

This skirmish not only marked the beginning of open, though undeclared, war between China and Japan but also hastened the formal announcement of the second Guomindang-CCP united front against Japan.

盧溝橋事變不僅標誌着日本侵華戰爭的開始，還加速了國共第二次合作關於建立統一戰線的正式聲明。

The collaboration took place with salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP.

合作給身處合圍中的共產黨帶來了好處。

The distrust between the two parties, however, was scarcely veiled.

然而雙方卻毫不掩飾對對方的不信任。

The uneasy alliance began to break down after late 1938, despite Japan’s steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich Chang Jiang Valley in central China.

1938年底，儘管日本不斷佔領中國北部、沿海區域和中部富饒的長江流域，兩黨不穩定的聯盟最終還是土崩瓦解。

After 1940, conflicts between the Nationalists and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control.

1940年以後，在非淪陷區國共軍隊的衝突更爲頻繁。

The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence.

共產黨抓住一切機會通過羣衆組織、行政改革和土地稅收改革幫助農民，擴大其自身的影響力，國民黨則試圖消除共產主義思想的傳播。

At Yan’an and elsewhere in the “liberated areas”, Mao was able to adapt Marxism-Leninism to Chinese conditions.

在延安和其他“解放區”，毛澤東找到了一條適合中國現狀的馬克思列寧主義。

He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts.

他教育黨員幹部們想要領導人民，必須和他們生活工作在一起，食其所食，想其所想。

The Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people.

紅軍因此被樹立成打游擊戰，保衛人民的形象。

Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force.

他們適應戰時環境變化，成爲了一支經驗豐富的軍隊。

Mao also began preparing for the establishment of a new China.

毛澤東也着手構建新中國的藍圖。

In 1940 he outlined the program of the Chinese Communists for an eventual seizure of teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as Mao Zedong Thought.

1940年，他規劃了一條幫助共產黨獲得政權的路線，他的學說也被編入了中國共產黨黨章，並被歸納爲毛澤東思想。

With skillful organizational and propaganda work, the Communists increased party membership from 100 000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945.

由於卓有成效的宣傳和組織工作，共產黨黨員數量從1937年的10萬人增加到1945年的120萬人。

In 1945 China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but actually a nation economically prostrate and on the verge of all-out civil war.

1945年，中國名義上通過戰爭展現出強大的軍事力量，然而事實上，國家經濟萎靡，全國處在內戰的邊緣。

The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of foreign war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by Nationalist profiteering, speculation, and hoarding.

因爲外部戰爭和內亂，通貨膨脹和國民黨政府內部提高物價，囤積居奇，經濟情況持續惡化。

Starvation came in the wake of the war, and millions were rendered homeless by floods and the unsettled conditions in many parts of the country.

國家有數百萬人因爲洪災和不穩定局勢無家可歸，餓殍遍野。

The situation was further complicated by an Allied agreement at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 that brought Soviet troops into Manchuria to hasten the termination of war against Japan.

1945年2月雅爾塔會議使局勢愈加複雜，蘇聯軍隊進駐滿洲國，加速了抗戰結束的腳步。

Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted； they had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the Nationalist government.

儘管中國無人出席該會議，但是他們的意見被轉達，同意蘇軍介入戰爭，因爲國民黨堅信蘇聯只會和他們合作。

After the war, the Soviet Union, as part of the Yalta agreements allowing a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria, dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese.

戰爭結束後，作爲雅爾塔協定的一部分，蘇聯拆除轉移了日本留在滿洲的超半數工業設備，並獲准保留對於滿洲國的部分控制。

The Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to move in long enough to arm themselves with the equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army.

由於蘇軍駐紮在東北，共產黨軍隊有足夠時間裝備投降日軍的武器。

The problems of rehabilitating the formerly Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering, to say the least.

可以這麼說，恢復淪陷區和重建受曠日持久戰爭影響的國家困難重重。