中國頂層戰略將做強中資製造商
South Korea, Germany and Japan are among the countries most at risk from an upsurge in Chinese manufacturing competitiveness that is likely to flow from Beijing’s top-level strategy to become a high-tech power by 2025, a German think-tank has found.
德國一家智庫發現，北京方面到2025年將中國打造成爲高科技強國的頂層戰略可能大幅提升其國內製造業的競爭力，在這個過程中，韓國、德國和日本等國家最可能遭受衝擊。
While inefficiencies in resource allocation and deficiencies in innovation are likely to hamper realisation of the “Made in China 2025” plan, a deep pool of available funding and powerful political backing are set to elevate a clutch of Chinese manufacturers to the world’s top echelon, according to a report by The Mercator Institute for China Studies (Merics), a Berlin-based think-tank.
儘管資源配置低效和創新匱乏可能阻礙“中國製造2025”計劃的實現，但柏林一家智庫墨卡託中國研究中心(Mercator Institute for China Studies)的報告顯示，大量資金來源和有力的政治支持將會把一批中國製造商推升至世界頂級水平。
“Even if Made in China 2025 will not fully accomplish its objective of achieving the widespread application of smart manufacturing in the next decade, the plan will develop an enormous impact that will be felt not only in China but throughout the global economy,” said the report, which is published on Wednesday.
這份發表於週三的報告稱：“即便中國製造2025計劃不會完全實現下個十年廣泛普及智能製造的目標，它也會產生巨大的影響，不只是在中國，整個全球經濟都會感受到這種影響。”
“Industrial countries should have no illusions: Made in China 2025 will elevate a small but powerful group of Chinese manufacturers, dramatically increasing their competitiveness,” the report added.
報告補充稱：“工業國家不應有任何幻想：中國製造2025計劃將提升一小批實力強大的中國製造商，極大地增強它們的競爭力。”
The Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Japan and South Korea are most at risk from the strategy because each of them derives more than 40 per cent of the value of their industrial output from the high-tech and medium-tech industries that are targeted in China’s plan (see chart).
捷克共和國、德國、意大利、匈牙利、日本和韓國最容易受到中國這一戰略的影響，因爲它們的工業產值中都有超過40%的份額來自在該戰略中被當作目標的中高等科技行業。
The Merics report, which was based on an examination of policy documents, expert journals and newspaper articles, as well as more than 60 interviews with Chinese experts, finds that one clear aim of the industrial strategy is to cultivate domestic champions to replace the sales by foreign companies in China.
墨卡託報告是在對政策文件、專業期刊和媒體報道的研究以及對中國專家60多次採訪的基礎上寫成的。該報告發現，中國工業戰略的一個明確目標是培育國內冠軍企業，來取代在華外企的銷售。
“Industrial policy in China often entails measures to discriminate against foreign enterprises,” the Merics report said. “For instance, the National and local governments restrict access to public procurement and limit the possibility of inward-directed foreign-direct investment.”
墨卡託在報告中表示：“中國的工業政策往往涉及對外國企業的歧視措施。例如，中央和地方政府限制外資進入公共採購領域，並限制外商直接投資進入中國的可能性。”
Such measures are not yet prevalent in the areas of “smart” manufacturing, including robotics, industrial software, sensors and others, because most Chinese companies are currently too backward to benefit. But this could change as domestic companies climb the technology ladder and move into direct competition with foreign corporations in China.
此類歧視措施在“智能”製造領域（包括機器人、工業軟件、傳感器以及其他）還不盛行，因爲大多數中國企業當前在這個領域還過於落後而無法從歧視措施中受益。但隨着企業技術升級，與在華外企展開直接競爭，這種情況可能發生改變。
Such an intent, the report says, can be seen in a semi-official document called Made in China 2025 Key Area Technology Roadmap, which has been endorsed by Ma Kai, a vice-premier and the official heading the interministerial Leading Small Group for Constructing a Manufacturing Superpower.
報告稱，這種意圖可以在《<中國製造2025>重點領域技術路線圖》這個半官方文件中看到。該路線圖得到中國副總理馬凱的支持，後者還擔任跨部門的“國家制造強國建設領導小組”的組長。
The semi-official document shows aggressive targets for market share in selected industries (see chart below), as well as the range of industries targeted.
這個半官方文件中列出了在一些特定行業（見下表）要取得的市場份額的遠大目標，以及目標行業的範圍。
Indications of strong state support are reinforced by funding being made available to spur Chinese innovation in smart manufacturing. The Advanced Manufacturing Fund, established this year, was approved by the State Council (cabinet) and is charged with spending its Rmb20bn allocation on upgrading the technology of important industries.
大量資金被用於激勵智能製造領域的創新，這進一步顯示出國家的大力支持。今年成立的“先進製造產業投資基金”(Advanced Manufacturing Fund)是經中國國務院批准的，肩負着利用200億元人民幣進行重點行業技術升級優化的使命。
Another fund, the National Integrated Circuit Fund, has capital of Rmb139bn at its disposal and the Emerging Industries Investment Fund, which was also approved by the State Council, has Rmb40bn to spend on promising domestic companies.
另一隻基金——國家集成電路產業投資基金(National Integrated Circuit Fund)擁有1390億元人民幣的可支配資金，還有同樣由國務院批准的新興產業創業投資引導基金(Emerging Industries Investment Fund)有400億元人民幣用於扶持國內新秀企業。
The Merics report suggests that such assistance, plus the ability of some companies to undertake acquisitions of industry leaders overseas, is likely to catapult some Chinese manufacturing giants into the vanguard of global technology.
墨卡託報告中提出，此類支持，再加上一些公司在海外收購行業領軍者的能力，可能將一些中國製造業巨頭推向全球科技先鋒之列。
Home appliance firms such as Haier, Hisense, Midea and Gree are potential frontrunners, with each of them already engaged in turning their fridges, televisions, air conditioners, washing machines and other gadgets into “smart” products by adding internet connectivity that allows, for instance, consumers to order shopping from their fridge or control their washing machine from a mobile phone.
海爾(Haier)、海信(Hisense)、美的(Midea)和格力(Gree)等家電企業是潛在的領跑者，它們都已經在將冰箱、電視、空調、洗衣機以及其他設備轉化爲“智能”產品，讓它們聯上互聯網，使消費者可以進行多種操作，比如從冰箱訂購商品或者用手機控制洗衣機。
In the construction industry, companies such as Sany and Zoomlion, for example, possess advanced production processes while car component maker, Weichai, owns advanced hydraulic technology, and steelmaker Baosteel has developed several advanced techniques that make for greater precision and efficiency in steel smelting.
在建築行業，三一重工(Sany)和中聯重科(Zoomlion)等公司擁有先進的生產流程，同時汽車零部件製造商濰柴集團(Weichai)擁有先進的液壓技術，鋼鐵製造商寶鋼(Baosteel)發展出數項先進技術，有利於提高鋼鐵冶煉的精度和效率。
The confluence of funding for innovation, official support and access to overseas acquisitions is set to galvanise an already active patent application process among Chinese companies.
鼓勵創新的資金、官方支持以及能夠前往海外併購等因素，激勵了中國企業本就活躍的專利申請。
Although questions persist over the quality of Chinese patent applications filed, the predominance of filings outstanding (see chart) for traditional robots and communications devices such as wireless sensors and smart sensors shows a correlation with state support in these areas, according to the report. In advanced robots, however, Chinese technology remains well behind US and German technology.
儘管對中國申請的專利質量質疑不斷，但該報告稱，傳統機器人以及無線傳感器和智能傳感器等通信設備的專利申請數量佔很大比重與這些領域的政府支持有關。然而，在先進機器人領域，中國技術依然遠遠落後於美國和德國技術。
The data above was collected for so called “Industry 4.0” products, which is to say products or technologies in the automation and data exchange categories, including the internet of things and cloud computing.
上述數據是爲所謂的“工業4.0”產品收集的，這個概念指的是自動化和數據交換類別的產品或技術，包括物聯網和雲計算。
