《殺戮演繹》再現印尼血腥歷史

A groundbreaking documentary about the killing of hundreds of thousands of Indonesians in the 1960s has lost its bid for an Oscar, taking with it some of the nascent buzz around establishing an official investigation into a dark period in the Southeast Asian country.

在今年的奧斯卡獎(Academy Awards)頒獎典禮上，一部講述上世紀60年代印度尼西亞上百萬人慘遭屠殺的震撼紀錄片最終未能贏得小金人，也使得近來人們要求印尼官方調查這段黑暗歷史的呼聲有所減弱。

'The Act of Killing,' an at-times surrealistic film by American Joshua Oppenheimer, examines the killing of at least 500,000 people in 1965-66, bringing a rare spotlight onto state-sanctioned killings that have been little discussed by many Indonesians.

《殺戮演繹》(The Act of Killing)由美國導演喬舒亞・奧本海默(Joshua Oppenheimer)執導，以半超現實主義的手法檢視了1965至1966年間印尼政府掀起的導致至少50萬人遇難的屠殺，也罕見地把這段許多印尼人不曾談論過的殺戮歷史帶至了公衆的視線之下。

Since its release in 2012, the film has garnered dozens of awards, including for best documentary at the 2014 British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards, leaving the government facing uncomfortable headlines about an event that leaders have long said was necessary to prevent a communist takeover in the sprawling island nation. The total number of killings has never been established, but some scholars think it could be as high as one million. The victims included communist sympathizers, members of the ethnic Chinese minority, and in many cases people on the wrong side of score-settling.

該片自2012年上映以來斬獲了數十項大獎，其中包括2014年英國電影電視藝術學院獎(British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards)最佳紀錄片獎。媒體的大力報道令印尼政府倍感難堪。對於這段歷史，印尼官方長期堅稱這是爲了防範國家被共產主義陣營顛覆所採取的必要舉措。屠殺遇難總人數從未得到過確認，但有學者推測這一數字可能高達100萬。遇害者包括共產主義支持者、當地少數族羣華人，以及許多站錯了政治陣營的人。

The film lost out Sunday to another American documentary, '20 Feet From Stardom.'

該片在週日的奧斯卡頒獎禮上惜敗於另一部美國紀錄片《和聲女神》(20 Feet From Stardom)。

'I feel like 'The Act of Killing' isn't going away,' Mr. Oppenheimer said from Los Angeles. 'It is a genie that can't be stuffed back in the bottle.'

奧本海默在洛杉磯說，他覺得《殺戮演繹》並沒有淡去，這部電影有着無法被壓制的強大力量。

The film showcases several men who took part in killings in northern Sumatra island, engaging them to re-enact scenes of murder and torture in the oftentimes bizarre styles of their favorite film genres. The disturbing scenes feature the mock massacre of a village and the matter-of-fact explanation of how to strangle someone with a wire.

在這部電影中，幾個曾在蘇門答臘島北部參與屠殺的男人被要求照着自己最喜歡的電影流派，以一種詭異的風格重現當時屠殺凌辱的場景。影片模擬了一個村莊裏的屠殺景象，並真實闡釋了用一根金屬線絞死人的方法。

No one has ever been prosecuted for the killings, which took place in the tumult following an alleged attempted coup by the communist party that killed six generals that led to the downfall of founding President Sukarno. His successor, Suharto, ruled until his own overthrow in street protests in 1998. The nation of 240 million people has since enjoyed a strengthening democracy and legislative and presidential elections will be held in coming months. Those involved in the killings are now old or dying off.

1965年，屠殺在印尼動盪的局勢中醞釀。當時印尼共產黨(Communist Party of Indonesia)被指試圖政變並殺害了6名軍事將領，致使印尼國父、時任總統蘇加諾(Sukarno)隨後下臺。繼任者蘇哈托(Haji Muhammad Suharto)一直當政，直到1998年因街頭抗議活動而被推翻。自那以後，這個有着2.4億人口的國家迎來了民主和法制的強化，該國的總統大選即將舉行。曾參與殺戮的人們現在已經年邁，或是相繼離世。

Yet there has never been a great deal of interest even in post-Suharto Indonesia in examining the purges. Rights experts say that in part stems from what they call a lack of knowledge; students have generally been taught, if they hear of the killings at all, that the actions saved the nation from communism. At the time, the Vietnam War raged and Southeast Asia was a front line in the Cold War.

但即便是在後蘇哈托時代，人們也從未對研究那場大清洗運動產生過太大興趣。人權專家說，缺乏瞭解是其中一個原因；如果說學生們聽說過那次屠殺的話，一般來說他們接受的也只是類似“那次行動使國家免遭共產主義侵襲”的教育。當時越南戰場激戰正酣，東南亞也身處冷戰前線。

They also point to the lasting power of people at the heart of the killings, who maintained power for decades in organizations that have survived the Suharto era.

他們還指出，當年處在殺戮中心的劊子手們仍然手握重權，幾十年來把持着蘇哈托時代留存下來的那些機構組織。

'The people who were involved in some of the violence are still around, the religious groups that were complicit in the killings are still around,' said Galuh Wandita, director of Jakarta-based Asia Justice and Rights. The film has helped make the younger generation 'at least be curious about that time.'

總部設在雅加達的亞洲公平和人權組織(Asia Justice and Rights)負責人萬迪塔(Galuh Wandita)說，曾經手染鮮血的人還活在世上，大清洗中同流合污的宗教團體也還活在世上。他說，這部電影至少喚起了年輕一代對那段歷史的好奇心。

Many Indonesians simply would rather look forward, seeing the killings as the beginning of the Suharto era that the new democracy wants to put behind it. Indonesia has taken tentative steps to address its history, if not at the highest levels of power.

許多印尼人單純地想忽略掉這段歷史，將這段屠殺視作蘇哈托時代開始的一個標誌，而蘇哈托統治時期正是新民主政體希望遺忘的一個時代。印尼已經採取了嘗試性的步驟來詮釋這段歷史，即便不是在權力最高層。

In 2012, the national human rights commission--a government-created but independent organization--issued a report on the killings that alleged gross human rights abuses. The Attorney General's office decided against investigating further, citing insufficient evidence.

2012年，印尼人權委員會（由印尼政府創立但屬於獨立組織）發佈了一份研究報告，指出此次殺戮大量侵犯了人權。然而，印尼司法部長辦公室決定禁止進一步調查，理由是證據不足。

But rights workers have held public forums of their own and point to a mayor on the island of Sulawesi last month asking for forgiveness for what happened and promising to provide services to victims as a sign of progress.

不過，人權倡導者仍然自己舉辦公共論壇，同時指出，蘇拉威西島一位市長上月請求寬恕他在大清洗時的罪孽並承諾會給受難者們提供服務就是進步的一個標誌。

Andreas Harsono, with Human Rights Watch in Jakarta, said the film's impact was most significant in reaching the elite. To stir debate in Indonesia, 'what you need is the upper middle class,' he said, adding that the film 'is already hot among the elite in urban areas.'

人權觀察組織(Human Rights Watch)駐雅加達的工作人員Andreas Harsono說，《殺戮演繹》在印尼精英階層中間產生了最大的影響。他指出，在印尼要想引發熱烈討論，就必須先從中上階層入手。他還補充說，這部影片已經在城市裏的精英階層中間熱傳。

The film was never released in local theaters but has been seen widely in private screenings. The film team distributed free DVDs and uploaded a version without English subtitles--for speakers of Bahasa Indonsia--on YouTube. In its first six weeks on YouTube, it garnered 138,000 views.

這部電影從未在印尼影院公映，但很多人已經在私下裏觀看過了。電影發行團隊發行了免費DVD，還在YouTube上傳了無英文字幕的版本，供講印尼語的人觀看。上傳至YouTube後的短短六週時間裏，觀看次數就達到了13.8萬次。

Mr. Oppenheimer said public discourse 'would have been accelerated had we won, but the discussion will continue.'

奧本海默稱，假如《殺戮演繹》捧走奧斯卡小金人的話，那麼有關這段歷史的公共討論將會更加熱烈；不過即便如此，討論也還會持續下去。