上學孩子總貪玩,爲何要孩子按時睡覺

Going to bed at the same time every night could give your child's brain a boost, a recent study found.[qh]
新近的一項研究發現，每天晚上讓孩子在同一鐘點上牀睡覺有助於大腦發育。 [qh]
Researchers at University College London found that when 3-year-olds have a regular bedtime they perform better on cognitive tests administered at age 7 than children whose bedtimes weren't consistent. The findings represent a new twist on an expanding body of research showing that inadequate sleep in children and adolescents hurts academic performance and overall health. [qh]
倫敦大學學院(University College London)的研究人員發現，三歲的兒童如果保持規律的就寢時間，等他們到了七歲接受認知能力測試時，就會比那些就寢時間不規律的孩子表現更佳。先前已有越來越多的研究表明，兒童和成年人睡眠不足會影響他們的學習成績、損害其整體健康狀況，這一發現是這方面研究的一個新轉折點。 [qh]
The latest study considered other factors that can influence bedtime and cognitive development, such as kids skipping breakfast or having a television in their bedroom. After accounting for these, the study found that going to bed very early or very late didn't affect cognitive performance, so long as the bedtime was consistent. [qh]
最新的這項研究將其他一些可能影響就寢時間和認知發展的因素也考慮進來了，比如孩子不吃早飯或是臥室裏有電視機。在將這些因素統統考慮進來後，該研究發現，只要在同一個時間點上牀睡覺，不論是早睡還是晚睡，都不會影響孩子的認知表現。 [qh]
'The surprising thing was the later bedtimes weren't significantly affecting children's test scores once we took other factors into account,' said Amanda Sacker, director of the International Center for Lifecourse Studies in Society and Health at University College London and a co-author of the study. 'I think the message for parents is . . . maybe a regular bedtime even slightly later is advisable.' [qh]
倫敦大學學院社會與健康生命過程研究國際中心(International Center for Lifecourse Studies in Society and Health)負責人、該研究的合着者阿曼達•賽克(Amanda Sacker)說：“令人驚訝的是，一旦我們將其他的因素都考慮進來後，就會發現，晚一點睡覺不會對孩子們的考試成績產生大的影響。我覺得，對家長們來說……固定的就寢時間即便是稍微晚一點也是可取的。” [qh]
The researchers suggested that having inconsistent bedtimes may hurt a child's cognitive development by disrupting circadian rhythms. It also might result in sleep deprivation and therefore affect brain plasticity -- changes in the synapses and neural pathways -- at critical ages of brain development. [qh]
研究人員表示，就寢時間不規律可能會擾亂生物週期節律進而有損孩子的認知發展。它可能還會導致睡眠不足、從而在大腦發育的關鍵時期影響大腦的可塑性──即神經元突觸和神經通路的變化。 [qh]
Sleep experts often focus largely on how much sleep children get. While that is important, 'we tend to not pay as much attention to this issue of circadian disruption,' said Judith Owens, director of sleep medicine at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C., who wasn't involved with the study. [qh]
睡眠領域的專家重點關注的常常是兒童能獲得多少睡眠。雖然這個問題也很重要，但華盛頓美國國家兒童醫療中心(Children's National Medical Center)睡眠醫學部的負責人朱迪思•歐文斯(Judith Owens)說：“我們更傾向於關注晝夜節律被打亂這個問題。”歐文斯並未參與前述那項研究。 [qh]
Insufficient sleep and irregular bedtimes may each affect cognitive development through different mechanisms, Dr. Owens said. 'The kid who has both [problems] may beat even higher risk for these cognitive impairments,' she said. [qh]
歐文斯博士說，睡眠不足和就寢時間不規律可能會通過不同的機制影響認知發展。她說：“一個孩子如果睡得時間少又睡得不規律，那他（她）患上認知障礙的風險就會更高。” [qh]
The study, published online in July in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, examined data on bedtimes and cognitive scores for 11,178 children. [qh]
《流行病學與公共衛生雜誌》(Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health)網絡版在7月份刊發了這一研究，該研究共分析了11,178名兒童的就寢時間及認知得分的數據。 [qh]
The children were participants in the U.K.'s Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative longterm study of infants born between 2000 and 2002. [qh]
這些兒童都是英國千禧世代研究(Millennium Cohort Study)的參與者。這是一項具有全國代表性的長期研究，研究對象是那些在2000年至2002年間出生的兒童。 [qh]
Mothers were asked about their children's bedtimes at 3, 5 and 7 years of age. Nearly 20% of the 3-year-olds didn't have a regular bedtime. That figure dropped to 9.1% at age 5 and 8.2% at age 7. Mothers were also asked about socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and family routines. [qh]
母親們被問及孩子們在三歲、五歲以及七歲時的就寢時間。在三歲幼童中，幾乎有20%的人就寢時間不規律。這一數據在五歲的兒童中降至9.1%，在七歲孩子中減少至8.2%。母親們還被問到了社會經濟學和人口學特徵以及家庭日常生活習慣方面的問題。 [qh]
When the children were 7 years old, they received cognitive assessments in reading, math and spatial abilities. The poorest test scores were recorded by children who went to bed very early or very late, and by those who had inconsistent bedtimes, said Dr. Sacker. But once other factors in the home were taken into account only the inconsistent bedtime was associated with lower scores, she said. [qh]
當孩子們到了七歲的時候，他們便接受了閱讀、數學和空間能力方面的認知評估。賽克爾博士說，記錄中得分最低的全是那些睡得特別早或特別晚的孩子，還有那些就寢時間不規律的孩子。她說，但將家裏其他的因素考慮進來之後，則只剩睡覺時間不規律這一項與較低的分數相關聯了。 [qh]
A consistent pattern of sleep behavior mattered. 'Those who had irregular bedtimes at all three ages had significantly poorer scores than those who had regular bedtimes,' Dr. Sacker said. This was especially true for girls who didn't establish consistent bedtimes between 3 and 7 years old. [qh]
擁有一個長期規律的睡眠行爲是至關重要的。塞克爾博士說：“不論孩子在哪個年齡段就寢時間不規律，他們的得分都比按時睡覺的孩子要低得多。”對於就寢時間不規律的三到七歲的女孩兒而言，情況更是如此。 [qh]
Yvonne Kelly, a co-author of the study and a professor in the department of epidemiology and public health at University College London, said the researchers aren't sure why girls seemed to be more affected. She noted that the difference in scores between these groups of girls and boys wasn't statistically significant for the reading and spatial tests, but it was for the math test. [qh]
該研究的合着者、倫敦大學學院流行病學及公共衛生系教授伊馮娜•凱莉(Yvonne Kelly)說，研究人員不太清楚爲什麼女孩似乎更易受到就寢時間不規律的影響。她指出，這幾組男孩女孩在閱讀和空間能力測試中的統計得分差異並不十分顯著，但數學考試的分差卻比較明顯。 [qh]
'I don't think for one moment that boys are immune to these things and girls are more affected,' Dr. Kelly said. [qh]
凱莉博士說：“我不認爲女孩更易受到影響，而男孩卻絲毫不受其影響。” [qh]
The researchers didn't have data on the total number of hours children slept overnight because mothers weren't asked about what time the children woke up. [qh]
研究人員手頭沒有孩子們一整夜總共睡了幾個小時的數據，因爲母親們並未被問及孩子起牀的時間。 [qh]
In general school-age kids -- kindergarten through eighth-grade -- should be getting about 10 hours of sleep, while 3- and 4-year-olds might need 11 to 13 hours, including day-time naps, said Shalini Paruthi, director of the pediatric sleep and research center at SSM Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center at Saint Louis University. [qh]
聖路易斯大學(Saint Louis University)SSM卡迪那•格倫農兒童醫學中心(SSM Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center)兒童睡眠與研究中心的負責人莎琳尼•派魯錫(Shalini Paruthi)說，一般的學齡期兒童──從幼兒園到八年級──應該需要大約10個小時的睡眠，但三到四歲的孩子可能需要11到13個小時的睡眠，其中包括白天的小睡。 [qh]
Dr. Paruthi said the good news from the study is that the majority of the children went to bed at a consistent time, reinforcing advice from sleep specialists. 'The younger the child is, the better it is to get into the habit of a regular bedtime,' said Dr. Paruthi, who wasn't affiliated with the study. She recommends a 15-minute, pre-bedtime routine to help the brain transition from a more alert to a quiet state. [qh]
派魯錫博士說，這一研究帶給我們的好消息是：大多數孩子都遵循了睡眠專家的建議，就寢時間都很規律。派魯錫博士說：“孩子越小，讓其養成按時睡覺的習慣越好。”派魯錫並未參與前述那項研究。她建議每天安排一個15分鐘的睡前活動時間，以此幫大腦從一個更警醒的狀態過渡到安靜的狀態。 [qh]
And in order to keep the body's internal clock in sync with the brain, bedtimes on weekends and in the summer should only stray from the normal time by an hour or less, Dr. Paruthi said. 'The internal clock in the brain and the body like to have consistency every day,' she said. [qh]
爲了使你身體的生物鐘與大腦保持同步，即便在週末或夏天，你也只能比平時正常的就寢時間早睡或晚睡最多一個小時。派魯錫博士說：“你體內的生物鐘和大腦希望你每一天都能保持步調一致。” [qh]