父子兩代州長 不一樣的加州夢

LOS ANGELES — When Edmund G. Brown Sr. was governor of California, people were moving in at a pace of 1,000 a day. With a jubilant Mr. Brown officiating, California commemorated the moment it became the nation’s largest state, in 1962, with a church-bell-ringing, four-day celebration. He was the boom-boom governor for a boom-boom time: championing highways, universities and, most consequential, a sprawling water network to feed the explosion of agriculture and development in the dry reaches of central and Southern California.

洛杉磯——當老埃德蒙·G·布朗(Edmund G. Brown Sr.)擔任加州州長時，平均每天有1000人搬到該州。1962年，在布朗熱情洋溢的主持下，加州慶祝了成爲美國第一大州的那一刻。教堂鐘聲響起，爲期四天的慶祝活動拉開帷幕。他是繁榮時期一位有魄力的州長：支持建造公路、大學，以及最具深遠影響的龐大供水網絡，滿足農業的迅速擴展，以及加州中南部乾旱地區的發展。

Nearly 50 years later, it has fallen to Mr. Brown’s only son, Gov. Jerry Brown, to manage the modern-day California that his father helped to create. The state is prospering, with a population of more than double the 15.5 million it had when Mr. Brown, known as Pat, became governor in 1959. But California, the seventh-largest economy in the world, is confronting fundamental questions about its limits and growth, fed by the collision of the severe drought dominating Jerry Brown’s final years as governor and the water and energy demands — from homes, industries and farms, not to mention pools, gardens and golf courses — driven by the aggressive growth policies advocated by his father during his two terms in office.

大約50年後，輪到布朗唯一的兒子傑瑞·布朗(Jerry Brown)執掌當代加州，一個由他父親參與創建的加州。加州繁榮發展，人口數達到了老布朗——又被稱爲帕特(Pat)——1959年擔任州長時的1550萬人口的兩倍多。但作爲世界第七大經濟體，加州正面臨有關限制及增長的根本問題，其原因來自兩方面的碰撞。一方面是傑瑞·布朗州長任期最後幾年出現大旱的情況，而另一方面就是家庭、工業及農場需要大量水和能源的現實，更不用說還有水塘、花園及高爾夫球場。而其父在兩個任期內曾推出積極增長政策，從而促使上述領域快速發展。

The stark challenge that confronts this state is putting a spotlight on a father and son who, as much as any two people, define modern-day California. They are strikingly different symbols of different eras, with divergent styles and distinct views of government, growth and the nature of California itself.

該州面臨的嚴峻挑戰讓大家的目光投向了這一對父子，他們比其他任何兩人都更多地塑造了現代加州。他們來自不同時代，象徵着截然不同的東西，風格迥異，並對政府、發展和加州本身的性質持有大不相同的看法。

Pat Brown, who died in 1996 at the age of 90, was the embodiment of the post-World War II explosion, when people flocked to this vast and beckoning state in search of a new life. “He loved that California was getting bigger when he was governor,” said Ethan Rarick, who wrote a biography of Pat Brown and directs the Robert T. Matsui Center for Politics and Public Service at the University of California, Berkeley. “Pat saw an almost endless capacity for California growth.”

帕特·布朗於1996年逝世，享年90歲。他是二戰結束後迅猛發展的體現。當時人們涌入這個幅員遼闊、極具吸引力的州，尋求一種新的生活。“他擔任州長時，加州不斷髮展壯大，他喜歡這種感覺，”帕特·布朗的傳記作者、加州大學伯克利分校(University of California, Berkeley)鬆井武男政治與公共服務中心(Robert T. Matsui Center for Politics and Public Service)負責人伊桑·拉里克(Ethan Rarick)說。“帕特認爲加州擁有幾乎無窮盡的發展能力。”

Jerry Brown arrived in Sacramento for the first of two stints he would serve as governor in 1975 — just over eight years after Pat Brown was defeated for re-election by Ronald Reagan. He was, at 36, the austere contrast to his father, a product of the post-Watergate and post-Vietnam era, wary of the kind of brawny, interventionist view of government that animated Pat Brown. The environmental movement had emerged in the years between Pat Brown’s defeat and Jerry Brown’s arrival — the first Earth Day and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries oil embargo took place during that period — and among its most passionate adherents was Pat Brown’s son.

傑瑞·布朗兩度擔任加州州長，他於1975年，也就是帕特·布朗在連任競選中敗給羅納德·里根(Ronald Reagan)的八年之後，到達薩克拉門託，開始了第一個任期。那時，36歲的布朗與其父形成鮮明對比，他是後水門事件時代及後越戰時代的產物，不認同帕特·布朗所熱衷的強大政府及其干涉主義行事風格。在帕特·布朗競選失敗與傑瑞·布朗首次上任之間的時間裏，環保運動橫空出世。在那段時間裏，出現了第一個地球日(Earth Day)及石油輸出國組織(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)的石油出口禁令。當時，帕特·布朗的這個兒子是環保運動最熱誠的擁護者之一。

If Pat Brown wanted the stunningly ambitious California State Water Project that he muscled into law to “be a monument to me,” as he later said of what was the most expensive public works project in the state’s history, Jerry Brown championed the modest if intellectually provocative “Small Is Beautiful” viewpoint espoused by the economist E. F. Schumacher, which emphasized the dangers of depleting natural resources. (Mr. Brown flew to London to speak at Schumacher’s funeral in 1977.) As governor, Jerry Brown spoke of limits and respect for the fragility of the planet from the moment he took office.

如果說帕特·布朗希望他強力推動、並使之成爲法律的宏大的加州水資源計劃(California State Water Project)成爲“我留下的豐碑”——就像他後來提到該州歷史上耗資最大的公共工程計劃時說的那樣，傑瑞宣揚的則是經濟學家E·F·舒馬赫(E.F. Schumacher)提出的“小即是美”(Small Is Beautiful)的觀點，這個並不宏大的觀點在知識界曾頗具爭議性，強調了消耗自然資源的危險。（布朗於1977年飛往倫敦參加舒馬赫的葬禮並發表講話。）作爲州長，傑瑞·布朗自上任伊始，就開始談論這個脆弱星球面臨的限制，以及對它的尊重。

“He positioned himself as very, very different from my father,” said Kathleen Brown, who is Mr. Brown’s youngest sister. “Some looked at it as a psychological battle between father and son. I don’t think it was that at all. I think it was a coming-of-age in a different period. The consciousness that our resources were limited was just beginning to take hold in the broader community.”

“他對自己的定位與先父完全不同，”布朗最小的妹妹凱瑟琳·布朗(Kathleen Brown)說。“有人將這看作是父親與兒子之間的心理戰。我認爲根本不是這麼回事。我覺得這是成長於不同時期所造成的差異。當年，那種資源有限的意識剛剛開始在更廣泛的人羣中紮根。”

Since taking office as governor for the second time, in 2011, Jerry Brown has again been the voice of limits — though this time, his view is informed less by the theories of environmentalists and more by the demands of trying to manage a drought of historic proportions. One month Mr. Brown is ordering a 25 percent reduction in the use of potable water in urban communities; the next he is pressing for a 40 percent cut in greenhouse gas emissions to battle the choking pollution that is another byproduct of the heady growth.

自傑瑞·布朗於2011年開始第二個任期以來，他再次提出資源有限的觀點，儘管這次他的觀點更多的不是受環保主義理論的影響，而是源自努力應對史上罕見旱情的需要。布朗剛剛要求城市社區的飲用水量減少25%，接下來就要求將溫室氣體排放量減少40%，以對抗令人窒息的污染，而污染是快速發展造成的另一個附帶結果。

“We are dealing with different periods,” Mr. Brown said in an interview. “The word ‘environment’ wasn’t used then: You talked about conservation. Environmentalism came in after my father left. There was this sense that we can become No. 1 ahead of New York — they rang church bells when we did — but now, you fast-forward 60 years later, and people are concerned about whether the water is available, the cost to the environment, how to pay for suburban infrastructure.”

“我們應對的是不同時期的問題，”傑瑞·布朗接受採訪時說。“當年人們還不怎麼使用‘環境’一詞，談的都是保護。我父親離開後纔出現環保主義這個說法。當時有那種我們能超越紐約，成爲第一的感覺。當我們做到這一點時，他們紛紛慶祝。但現在，快進到60年後的今天，人們擔心的是，是否有水可用，對環境的影響，以及怎麼支付郊區基礎設施建設的費用。”

“All of these insights and concerns developed after most of his governorship,” Mr. Brown said of his father. “But they preceded mine — and they have intensified.”

“在他的任期過了大半時間後，纔出現這些深刻看法及擔憂，”傑瑞·布朗提到他父親時說。“但它們出現在我的任期之前，而且自那時起愈演愈烈。”

The House That Pat Built

帕特的功績

When Pat Brown, then 53 and the state attorney general, was elected governor in 1958, the Republicans controlled both houses of the Legislature and most statewide offices. He swept to victory in an election that signaled a new direction for California: Brown was a Republican turned Democrat who identified with the New Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1958年，時年53歲的州總檢察長帕特·布朗當選爲州長。當時，共和黨控制着議會兩院和全州範圍內的大部分機構。他在一次選舉中以壓倒性優勢獲勝。那次選舉標誌着加州的新方向：布朗是一名從共和黨轉變而來的民主黨人，認同富蘭克林·D·羅斯福(Franklin D. Roosevelt)的“新政”(New Deal)政策。

“He really in many ways built the modern California that we know,” said Raphael J. Sonenshein, the executive director of the Edmund G. “Pat” Brown Institute for Public Affairs at California State University, Los Angeles. “Even though he only had two terms, they were enormously consequential. I have to think that the California that we live in bears his stamp more than that of any other governor.”

“他真的在很多方面打造了我們所知道的這個現代的加利福尼亞，” 加州大學洛杉磯分校埃德蒙·G·“帕特”·布朗公共事務研究所(Edmund G. “Pat” Brown Institute for Public Affairs at California State University, Los Angeles)的執行主管拉斐爾·J·索南沙因(Raphael J. Sonenshein)說。“只當了兩屆，但那兩屆影響巨大。我必須承認，他在我們現在所生活的加州留下的印記，比其他任何州長都多。”

The new governor pledged in his inaugural address to follow “the path of responsible liberalism.” He rejected warnings from aides about the state’s deficit, and advocated tax increases to finance spending on school construction, parks and transportation. During his years in power, the state built three new campuses for the University of California and six more for the state college system — though that was not his top interest.

那時，他作爲新州長在就職演說中承諾，將遵循“負責任的自由主義道路”。他拒絕了助手有關該州赤字的警告，支持增稅，以便爲學校建設、公園和交通運輸開支提供資金。在他當權的那些年裏，該州爲加州大學修了三個分校，併爲該州高校體系建了六所學校。而這還不算是他最關心的領域。

“Water was the No. 1 thing on his agenda,” said Martin Schiesl, a professor emeritus of history at California State University. In his first year in office, Pat Brown persuaded the Legislature to pass and send to voters a $1.75 billion bond to begin the state water project — a network of dams, pipes and an aqueduct designed to take water from the relatively wet north to Southern California, where 80 percent of the population lived.

“水是他當時要處理的首要問題，”加州州立大學(California State University)歷史學榮休教授馬丁·席澤爾(Martin Schiesl)說。執政第一年，帕特·布朗說服州議會通過了一項17.5億美元的債券計劃，並向選民兜售，以便開始州級水利項目——這是一個由水壩、管道和一條引水渠組成的網絡，旨在把水資源從相對溼潤的加州北部輸送到州里80%的人口聚居的南部。

Pat Brown was offering an ambitious vision of California as he campaigned across the state for the measure: California as its own vast and diverse nation, where the water of the north would feed the population and farm growth to the south. “He thought it was irresponsible not to plan for the growth that was coming,” Kathleen Brown said. “He used to say, ‘If you don’t want to manage and build for this growth today, we’ll have to do something else tomorrow.’ ”

在州內各個地方爲這項提案做宣傳時，帕特·布朗勾畫了一個關於加州的宏偉藍圖：加州本身就是個廣闊而多元的地方，北部的水資源能夠供養南部的人口，並保障那裏的農業增長。“他認爲，不爲將來的增長做打算，是不負責任的行爲，”凱瑟琳·布朗(Kathleen Brown)說。“他常說，‘如果你今天不願意爲這種增長進行管理和建設方面的工作，我們明天就不得不去做額外的事情。’”

In a letter cited in “California Rising: The Life and Times of Pat Brown,” the biography by Mr. Rarick, Pat Brown argued that he had no choice. “What are we to do? Build barriers around California and say nobody else can come in because we don’t have enough water to go around?”

拉里克撰寫的傳記《加州的崛起：帕特·布朗及其時代》(California Rising: The Life and Times of Pat Brown)中引用了一封信。帕特·布朗在其中表示，自己別無選擇。“我們該怎麼辦？用柵欄把加州團團圍住，說其他人等不得入內，就因爲我們沒有足夠的水資源？”

A New Tone

新基調

Jerry Brown did not originally go into the family business, spending his years as a young man as a Jesuit studying for the priesthood. He spent three years in the seminary, before emerging to prepare for law school and what would prove to be an almost- unbroken lifetime in public office. When he became governor, he arrived in the shadow of his father, who had gone from having an outsize reputation to a second-term decline and defeat in 1966 as he struggled with student unrest at Berkeley and a conservative shift by the electorate.

傑瑞·布朗剛開始並沒有子承父業，年輕時曾作爲耶穌會士而研習神職。他在神學院度過三年，後來才爲進入法學院做準備，隨後開始了幾乎不曾間斷的公職生涯。在他成爲州長的時候，父親的陰影隨之而來。他父親最初享有很高的聲望，卻在第二任期時人氣急跌，後來因爲疲於應對伯克利的學生運動，再加上選民朝保守主義的轉變，他在1966年落敗。

Jerry Brown’s new tone was clear from his first inaugural address as he warned of “the rising cost of energy, the depletion of our resources, the threat to the environment, the uncertainty of our economy and the monetary system, the lack of faith in government, the drift in political and moral leadership.”

傑瑞·布朗的新基調在第一次州長就職演說中就表現得很清晰，他對“日益增長的能源成本、資源的損耗、環境所受到的威脅、我們的經濟和貨幣體系面臨的不確定性、政府公信力的缺乏，以及政治和道德領導力方面的偏移”發出了警告。

With one notable exception — he campaigned, unsuccessfully, to win voter support for another water tunnel to finish his father’s project, which to this day he calls essential to the state’s long-term health — this would not be an administration about building roads, bridges, dams or college campuses. Instead, Mr. Brown focused on policies that regulated growth.

這將不是一屆致力於修建道路、橋樑、大壩或大學校園的政府。布朗關注的是調控增長的政策。不過，還是有一個引人注意的例外：他曾試圖贏得選民對又一條引水渠的支持，從而完成父親的工程，但未能成功。迄今爲止，他一直說該工程對加州的長期健康發展至關重要。

Still, if Jerry Brown is different as a governor from his father, he is different from what he was 40 years ago as well. Even as he talks about strains on California, he is championing the kind of big projects that his father was known for: a high-speed train line from San Francisco to Los Angeles and two massive underground pipelines. The pipelines would help convey water through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, east of San Francisco, to central and Southern California — the state water project his father began. Some of that, no doubt, reflects the consideration of a man who realizes he has only so many years left in office. “Jerry has appreciated, as time has passed, that leaving a legacy as a political figure often requires concrete,” Kathleen Brown said. “My father’s legacy is very much tied and identified with building. Jerry’s first term was very much more about ideas and fundamental shifts in the focus of government.”

不過，如果說傑瑞·布朗作爲州長與父親有所不同，那麼他與40年前的自己也不一樣。就算會談論加州面臨的壓力，他仍在支持讓他父親聞名的那種大工程：從舊金山到洛杉磯的高鐵線路，以及兩個大型的地下管道項目。這些管道將把水從舊金山以東的薩克拉門託-聖華金河三角洲輸送到加州的中部和南部——這屬於他父親開啓的州級水利項目。毫無疑問，其中有些元素反映出他意識到了自己在任的時間有限。“隨着時間的流逝，傑瑞已經體會到，作爲一個政治人物，留下的政績往往需要是有形的東西，”凱瑟琳·布朗說。“先父的政績很大程度上與建築工程密不可分。傑瑞的第一個任期更多地強調理念，以及政府關注點方面的根本性轉變。”

Still, Mr. Brown said he would have done what his father did if he had been governor during Pat Brown’s era — and expected that his father would be doing the same thing Jerry Brown is doing were he running the state today.

不過，傑瑞·布朗表示，如果在帕特·布朗的時代擔任州長，他會採取和父親同樣的做法，而且他認爲，如果父親在今天擔任州長，也會做和自己同樣的事。

“What else could you do?” he said. “Who sets the agenda? The times set the agenda. It’s not like I don’t have a lot of things I want to do. There are a lot of challenges — you have to respond, whether it’s water or drought or education. Health. Immigration. Here they are — do something. That’s what I do. I think my father would do the same thing.”

“還能有別的什麼選擇嗎？”他問道。“誰來設定議程？是時代在設定議程。並不是說我自己沒有很多想做的事情。是太多挑戰了——你必須加以應對，無論是水利、乾旱、教育，還是衛生、移民。問題就擺在那裏——你得采取行動。我就是這麼幹的。我認爲父親也會做同樣的選擇。”