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託福閱讀句子插入題：The Origins of Cetaceans

Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking　mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional,　between land mammals and cetaceans.

■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In　1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was　officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in　rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far　from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.( The Origins of Cetaceans)

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.

This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.

Where would the sentence best fit?

託福閱讀句子插入題答案：2

託福閱讀句子簡化題：highlighted sentence

【Paragraph 1】 Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct　them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their　being known as the "applied Arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple　categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports　must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in　their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their　application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides,　it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision,　have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can　vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm.

However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different　from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary　function.

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ( Applied Arts and Fine Arts)

○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.

○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.

○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined　their general form.

○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of　physics.

託福閱讀句子簡化題答案：1

託福閱讀詞彙題：Applied Arts

【Paragraph 1】 Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct　them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their　being known as the "applied arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple　categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports　must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in　their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their　application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides,　it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision,　have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can　vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm.　However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different　from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary　function. (Applied Arts and Fine Arts)

The word “they” in the passage refers to

○applied-art objects

○the laws of physics

○containers

○the sides of pots

託福閱讀詞彙題答案：1

託福閱讀修辭目的題：Applied Arts and Fine Arts

【Paragraph 2】Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It　is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant　difference between the two disciplines. Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that　applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials　used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass,　weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not　　deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude　　upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a　　raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support　　the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed　　the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly　disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being　much stronger than bronze). (Applied Arts and Fine Arts)

Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance?

○To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that a fine artist must overcome

○To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics

○To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to the laws of physics

○To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology

託福閱讀修辭目的題答案：1