Quora精選：哪些大腦祕密，只有神經學家懂
What are some brain hacks that a neuroscientist or a psychologist knows that most people don't?
哪些用腦祕訣大多數人不知道只有神經學家或心理學家知道？
獲得131.5k好評的回答@Dylan James：
The Psychology of Persuasion
說服心理
Everyone has to engage in some form of persuasion throughout most of their life. Whether you are deciding with friends where to eat lunch or convincing a boss you deserve a promotion, you can always benefit from knowing the secrets of persuasion.
每個人一生中大部分時間都會有說服別人的經歷。無論是和朋友決定午餐地點或說服老闆該給你升職，知道說服的祕訣總能給你帶來好處。
In Dr. Robert Cialdini's bestselling book "Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, " what he found was :
在Robert Cialdini博士的暢銷書《影響：說服心理》（Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion）中，他發現：
Behavior is heavily influenced by unconscious psychological factors
無意識的心理因素對行爲影響很大
These psychological factors can be identified and utilized
這些心理因素可以被確認並加以利用
If used correctly, people have no idea that they are being manipulated
如果使用得當，人們都不知道他們正在被控制
Reciprocity
相互作用
Free samples. Have you ever seen free samples being handed out in grocery stores or while walking down the street? Rest assured they aren't doing this out of the kindness of their hearts. Studies have shown a dramatic increase in efficacy of marketing tactics if they are preceded by a "gift" which triggers a natural feeling of debt in the target.
免費樣品。你在商店裏或走在街上時是否見過有人發放免費樣品？他們這樣做肯定不是出於好心。研究已經表明如果賣東西之前先贈送一個小禮物的話，營銷效果會有戲劇性的提高，因爲這個小禮物會激起目標人羣自然的欠債心理。
Consistency
一致性
An amazingly powerful concept. People will go to extraordinary lengths without even realizing it, just to remain consistent with their past actions and beliefs. This principle is especially significant if past behavior is public or written down, in which case it can't be denied.
一個影響力驚人的概念。人們會下意識地竭盡全力，只是爲了堅持以往的行爲和信念。如果以往行爲被公開或被記錄下來的話就不可否認，那這個原則就會顯得尤爲重要。
Social Proof
社會證明
Why are there those silly laugh tracks on sit com TV shows? Because they work! People are extremely susceptible to the opinions of others, even when obviously false.
爲什麼情景喜劇裏會有那些傻笑的背景聲音呢？因爲它們很有效！人們非常容易受其他人想法影響，甚至在這些想法明顯錯誤時也會如此。
Authority
權威
In the aftermath of World War II and the atrocities committed by many seemingly normal Nazi commanders, greater attention was focused on the nature of authority in influencing people's behavior. It turns out, authority is one of the most powerful effects yet discovered.
二戰過後，在那些貌似正常的納粹軍官所犯的罪行中，權威影響人們行爲的特性引起了人們更多的關注。結果證明權威是已知的最具影響力的事物之一。
Liking
喜歡
We all know that we are more likely to respond to a request from somebody we like than from somebody we dislike. But how much further does this feeling go? Apparently, a lot further!
我們都知道相對於我們不喜歡的人提出的要求我們更有可能會對喜歡的人的要求作出迴應，這兩種感覺之間有多大差距呢？顯然是天壤之別。
Scarcity
短缺
One of the most fundamental attributes of persuasion, salespeople have been using the concept of scarcity for a very long time (ever hear or see the phrase "limited time only")? This one is also of interest to the relatively new field of behavioral economics.
這是說服力最基本的特質之一。銷售人員很久以來一直利用這個概念（是否聽過或看過“時間有限”這樣的話？）這個理念對於行爲經濟學這一新興領域來說也是很有趣的。
獲得462.4k好評的回答@Colin Gerber：
Memory consolidation and productivity can both be improved by taking breaks.
記憶力的增強和工作能力均可以通過休息來提高。
Memory consolidation:
增強記憶力：
Tambini et al. recently showed that resting your brain after learning is very important in memory consolidation. During rest the hippocampus is able to transfer information to the cortex to be stored. The brain cannot do this very effectively if you do not take breaks.
Tambini et al.最近表明學習之後讓大腦休息對於鞏固記憶力非常重要。休息期間海馬體能把信息轉移到大腦皮層儲存起來。如果不休息大腦就不能有效完成這個過程。
Productivity
工作能力
It is suggested that you work in 60-90 minute intervals and then take a break. Ericsson et al. conducted a very interesting study looking at elite and average violin players and how much they practiced. They found that the elite players practiced for about the same amount of time as the good players per day. However, the elite players would practice very hard for no more than 90 minutes and then take breaks and even naps in between while the average players would practice throughout the day but with less focus.
建議你每工作60-90分鐘就休息一會兒。Ericsson et al.進行了一個非常有趣的研究，他觀察了優秀的和普通的小提琴演奏家以及他們練習的多少，發現優秀的演奏家和普通的演奏者每天練習的總時間是一樣的，但優秀的演奏家勤奮練習的時間不超過90分鐘，然後就會休息甚至睡一會再練，而普通的演奏者整天不間斷練習，但注意力卻不夠集中。
獲得24.3k好評的回答@Dean Yeong：
The world is so full of creeping dementia that forgetting feels ominous. If learning is building up skills and knowledge, then forgetting is losing some of what was gained. It seems like the enemy of learning.
世界上有這麼多反應慢的癡呆以至於遺忘讓人感覺很不好。如果學習是在積累技巧和知識，那麼遺忘就是丟掉已經得到的東西，它似乎是學習的敵人。
It's not. The truth is nearly the opposite.
其實不然，事實上恰恰相反。
One upside of forgetting is that it is nature’s most sophisticated spam filter. It's what allows the brain to focus, enabling sought-after facts to pop to mind.
遺忘的一個好處就是它是自然中最複雜的過濾器，它能讓大腦集中注意力，使大腦能想起最想找的信息。
We engage in this kind of focused forgetting all the time without giving it much thought. To lock in a new computer password, we must block the old one from coming to mind; to absorb a new language, we must hold off the corresponding words in our native tongue.
我們一直在進行這種集中注意力的遺忘卻不自知。爲了記住新的電腦密碼，我們必須忘掉舊的；爲了學習新的語言，我們就不能去想母語裏相同意思的詞。
As the 19th century American psychologist William James observed：If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as we remembered nothing.
正如19世紀美國心理學家William James所觀察到的：如果我們記住一切，那麼大多數情況下就會感覺自己好像什麼都沒記住。
（翻譯：菲菲）
