高中英語的語法知識總結
關於任何事物的知識都有五個層次或者要素：事物的名稱、定義、形象，有關事物的智識或者知識，以及事物本身——這纔是知識的真正目標。下面小編給大家分享一些高中英語的語法知識總結，希望能夠幫助大家，歡迎閱讀!
高中英語的語法知識1
倒裝句語法知識點
疑問句和特殊疑問句要倒裝
Are you cold?
Does he go to school by bike?
注意：若疑問詞在句中作主語或主語的定語時，不倒裝。
Who is your English teacher?
Whose father is a worker?
There be 句型
在There+助動詞/情態動詞+be+主語+地點/時間的句型中，主語在謂語be動詞後面，因此這是倒裝。
There is a mobile phone and some books on the desk.
桌上有一個手機和一些書。
There are thousands of people gathering on the square.
廣場上聚集着成千上萬的人
注意 ：引導詞there 還可以接appear,exist, lie, remain, seem, stand, live 等詞。
There lived an old fisherman in the village.
村裏住着一位老漁夫。
There stand two white houses by the river.
河濱矗立着兩座白房子。
There existed some doubt among the students.
學生中有些懷疑。
直接引語在句首
“May I come in and take a rest?” asked the poor girl.
“Get out of the room!” shouted the angry woman.
虛擬條件句的倒裝
當if引導的虛擬條件從句中含有had, were, should等時，如將if省略，則要將had, were,should等移到主語前，構成倒裝句：
Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.
若你昨天來，你就會見到他了。
Should you require anything give me a ring.
如果需要什麼，可以給我打電話。
Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless.
要不是你幫助，我會仍然無家可歸。
注意：省略if後提前的had不一定是助動詞
Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有錢，我就會買它。
全部倒裝
全部倒裝是隻將句子中的謂語動詞全部置於主語之前。
1) here, there, now,then, thus等副詞置於句首, 謂語動詞常用be,come, go, lie,run等表示來去或狀態的動詞。
例如：
Then came the chairman. 那時總裁來了。
Here is your letter. 你的信。
2)表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置於句首，以out, in, up, down, off, away等副詞開頭，謂語動詞是表示“移動”的go,come, leave等句子裏。
例如：
Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一個老嫗。
Down went the small boat. 小船沉下去了。
注意:在完全倒裝的結構裏,如果主語是人稱代詞,則用正常語序。
3)表示地點的介詞詞組位於句首，謂語動詞是表示“存在”之意的be, lie, stand, exist等句子中。
South of the lake lies a big supermarket.
湖泊的南邊是一個大超市。
20 miles east of our school lies a modern swimming pool.
我們學校向東20英里有一個現代化的游泳池。
4) 在there be或者there live(stand, appear, seem, remain, exist….) 句型中。
部分倒裝
1.句首爲否定或半否定的副詞或連詞。
如no, not,never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, at no time決不, byno means, on no account, inno case, many a time, under no circumstances, in noway, many a time, not until… 等。
例如：
He cares little about his clothes.
= Little does he care about his clothes.
他不在乎穿着。
I have never seen him before.
= Never have I seen him before.
= Never before have I seen him.
我以前沒見過他。
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
= Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
孩子睡着了，媽媽才離開房間。
(Not until引出的主從複合句中，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。即：後倒前不倒。注意：如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。)
例如：
Churchill was not only a statesman, but a poet.
= Not only was Churchill a statesman, but a poet.
丘吉爾不僅是個政治家，而且還是個詩人。
I shall by no means give up.
= By no means shall I give up. 我決不放棄。
必背：表示“剛……就……的倒裝結構
Hardly had he started to leave when it began to rain.
他剛要離開，天就下起了雨。
Scarcely had he sat down when his mobilephone rang.
他剛坐下，手機就響了。
No sooner had he handed in his paper than he realized his mistakes.
他剛交卷就意識到出錯了。
Seldom is my son late for school.我兒子上學幾乎不遲到。
In no case should you touch it.無論如何你都不能碰它。
2.以否定連詞開頭作部分倒裝
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等，前倒後不倒。例如：
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他沒有收下禮物，還狠狠批評了送禮的人。
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛出門，就有個學生來訪。
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛出門，就有個學生來訪。
3. so, neither, nor作部分倒裝
表示另一主語“也…樣”時，用“So +be(have,助動詞或情態動詞)+主語”結構;而表示另一主語“也不…樣”時，用“NorNeither +be(have,助動詞或情態動詞)+主語”結構。
例如：
Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 湯姆會講法語，傑克也會。
If you won't go, neither will I. 你不去，我也不去。
She won’t go. Neither/Nor will I.
她不走，我也不。
注意：如果前面所說的內容既有肯定又有否定，或前後的謂語動詞形式不一致時，用“It is the same with +主語”結構或用“So it iswith +主語”結構。
+狀語在句首倒裝的情況。
only+副詞;或介詞短語;或狀語從句時，主句倒裝。
例如：
Only then did I see life was not easy.只有那時我才知道生活是不易的。
Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有這樣，你才能學好英語。(only+介詞短語)
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.叫了三次，他纔來參加會議。
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.(only+副詞)
Only when it began to rain did he finish his job.(only+狀語從句)
注：如果句子爲主從複合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。
例如：
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重時，他才臥牀休息。
5. so… that，such…that引導的結果狀語從句中，部分倒裝。當so位於句首時，用”so +adj. + 主語+謂語”。
例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，動也不敢動。
So difficult was the exam that most of the students failed to pass it.考試如此難，以至於大多數同學沒能考過。
So stingy is she that none of us likes her.她太小氣，沒人喜歡她。
6. so作“也”講時，引導的句子用倒裝語序，表示前面所說的肯定情況也適用於另一人(或物)。其句型是：So +be(have，助動詞或情態動詞)+主語
She has been to Tokyo. So have I.
她去過東京，我也去過。
He can send emails to his former classmates. So can she.
他能電子郵件給以前的同學，她也能。
7. as, though引導的部分倒裝
as / though引導的讓步從句由於語法需要，可將表語或狀語提前(形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。
但需注意：
1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
2)句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語後。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。
例如：
Shortest as/though she is, she is not the richest.(倒裝後，最高級前不用冠詞)
Child as he is, he knows a lot.(倒裝後，單數名詞前不用a)
Fail as I did, I would try again.(倒裝後，實義動詞提前，在主語後添加助動詞。)
注意：讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時，後面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。
當as作“雖然”解，引導讓步狀語從句時，必須將表語、狀語或動詞原形提到as前面。
句子的倒裝語序有以下三種形式：
(1). 形容詞或副詞+as+主語+連繫動詞be或實義動詞。
例如：
Rich as he is, he never spends a cent on clothes.
雖然他很富有，但他從不花一分錢在衣服上。
Much as I admire his courage, I don’t think he acted wisely.
我雖然佩服他的勇氣，但我認爲他這樣做是不聰明的。
(2). 名詞+as+主語+連繫動詞be (注意句首的名詞不帶冠詞)。
例如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
儘管他是個孩子，但懂很多事情。
Boy as he was, he was chosen king.
儘管他還是個孩子，但卻被立爲國王。
(3). 實義動詞+as+主語+助動詞[如果沒有助動詞，則要加上一個do(does或did)]。
例如：
Try as he may, he never succeeds.
儘管他很努力，但總是不成功。
Change your mind as you will, you will gain no additional support.
即使你改變主意，你也不會得到另外的支持。
8.一些表示頻率的副詞(如many a time, often等)位於句首時。
I have seen her taking a walk alone many a time.
Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone.
我多次看到她獨自一人在散步。
She often came to my house in the past.
Often did she come to my house in the past.
過去她常到我家來。
高中英語的語法知識2
英語修飾詞，強調詞
什麼是修飾語?
和限定詞一樣，修飾語修飾句子的意思。它們根據說話者的意圖改變其意思。修飾語是幫助你描述意思的最廣泛的一類詞。因此，它們可以是所有類型的詞類，如形容詞、形容詞從句、副詞、副詞從句、絕對短語、不定式短語、分詞短語和介詞短語。如果使用得當，修飾語可以使任何句子更吸引人，更詳細，更有趣的讀者。修飾語給讀者更多的信息，創造一個更完整的情況。
例：
Amy gathered ingredients.
艾米收集原料。
例：
Young Amy, who just wanted to eat her favorite dessert to reward herself,enthusiastically gathered ingredients for a cake from the kitchen pantry,sneaking bits of sugar and chocolate as she left a trail of flour on the kitchentable and floor, a situation requiring her mother to spend so much time cleaningup that she couldn’t help Amy bake the cake.
年輕的艾米只想吃她最喜歡的甜點來獎勵自己，她從廚房的餐具室裏熱情地收集蛋糕的配料，偷偷地在廚房的桌子和地板上留下一小片面粉，同時還偷了一些糖和巧克力，這種情況要求她母親花太多時間打掃衛生，以致於她無法幫助艾米烤蛋糕。
上面這句話雖然很長，但比第一句講的故事要多得多。它也更有趣的閱讀，使你可能想知道更多的情況。
艾米爲什麼要獎勵自己?爲什麼她媽媽不幫她收集配料?該句子還包含以下每種類型的修飾語中的至少一種，如下所述。
形容詞(形容名詞或代詞)：young
年輕
形容詞從句(用作形容詞的描述性短語)：
who just wanted to eat her favorite dessert
只想吃她最喜歡的甜點的人
不定式短語(以不定式開頭或後跟動詞的描述性短語)：
to reward herself
獎勵自己
副詞(形容形容詞或動詞)：
enthusiastically
熱情地
介詞短語(以介詞開頭的描述性短語，青蛙可以對原木做的事情，如sit on, in, 或 on top of it)：
from the kitchen pantry
來自廚房的餐具室
分詞短語(以形容詞形式的動詞開頭的描述性短語，通常以-ing或-ed結尾)：
Sneaking bits of sugar and chocolate
偷一點糖和巧克力
狀語從句(一種做副詞的描繪性短語)：
She left a trail of flour on the kitchen table and floor.
她在廚房的桌子和地板上留下面粉痕跡。
絕對短語(附在句子上的不帶連詞的描述性短語，經常修改整句話的意思)：
Her mother to spend so much time cleaning up that she couldn’t help Amybake the cake.
母親花大量時間清理，她無法幫助艾米烤蛋糕。
從上面的每個修飾語可以看出，它們可以放在句子的任何部分來修飾任何類型的單詞或短語。
形容詞和副詞總是出現在它們所修飾的詞或短語的前面，但除此之外，大多數修飾語都可以放在它們聽起來最好的地方，它們將要修飾的東西最清楚的地方。
什麼是限定詞?
限定詞是修飾語的一個子組，可以是副詞，可以是單詞或短語，通過限制動詞來改變動詞的意義。
不要說 Pam was working，這意味着Pam正在工作，你可以通過說 Pam was hardlyworking，來限制你描述的工作量。第二句幾乎沒有限定詞，它的意思與第一句完全不同。在這種情況下，Pam做的工作比以前少得多。
限定詞的一般用途是表示懷疑，或者限定你所說的話。你可以限制你所改變的動詞和形容詞的意義，如果你還沒有足夠的詞彙量，這將非常有用。把這些限定詞放在你想描述的動詞或形容詞前面。
下面列出了一些非常常見的限定符：
減輕某事的影響：
May/Might/Maybe/May be/Might/Could/Kind of/Sort of/Somewhat/Slightly
可能/也許/也許是/有點/稍微有點
例：
I might be going to Italy in June with my cousins, but I’m not sureyet.
我可能六月份和我的表兄弟們去意大利，但我還不確定。
The rain could fall, but the sun is out to it is hard to predict.
雨可能會下，但太陽出來了，很難預測。
Katie kind of wants to go to Disneyland, but she is afraid to ask herparents to take her.
凱蒂有點想去迪斯尼樂園，但她不敢讓父母帶她去。
一個較小的數字
Few/Not many/A small number/A minority/Some
少/不多/少數/少數
例：
A minority of voters approve of the new legislation that is beingconsidered.
少數選民贊成正在考慮的新立法。
Few students enjoy learning from reading books, as they would prefer to trydifferent things and learn by experimentation.
很少有學生喜歡從讀書中學習，因爲他們更喜歡嘗試不同的東西，通過實驗來學習。
I would like some peas, please.
請給我一些豌豆。
某事不會比它發生得更頻繁，或者比你期望的要少
Hardly/Hardly ever/Rarely/Infrequently/Seldom/Sporadically/Scarcely/For ashort time
很少/偶爾/幾乎沒有/短時間內
例：
This is scarcely the time to be doubting our plans, Harry.
哈利，現在幾乎不是懷疑我們計劃的時候。
It hardly ever rains here, so if you draw lines in the sand, you can comeback and see them years later.
這裏幾乎從不下雨，所以如果你在沙地上畫線，你可以在幾年後回來看。
The ice cream truck rarely comes by our neighborhood, but is very popularwhen it does.
冰淇淋車很少經過我們附近，但很受歡迎。
To create doubt
表示懷疑
Unlikely/Improbable/Doubtful/Possibly/Probably/Notlikely/Undecidedly/Apparently
不可能/可疑/可能/不可能/不確定/明顯不可能/不可能/也許/不可能/不確定/明顯
例：
To answer your question, it is highly unlikely that Cassie will be pickedfor the position.
回答你的問題，凱西被選上這個職位的可能性很小。
Don’t get your hopes up because your design is not likely to beselected.
不要因爲你的設計不太可能被選中而抱有希望。
The doctor will probably have some time to see you in the afternoon, socome when you are available.
下午醫生可能有時間來看你，有空的時候來。
To make generalizations, or talk about multiple things that are related,but not the same
概括，或談論多種相關但不相同的事情
Basically/Essentially/Generally/Pretty/Rather/Virtually
基本上/大體上/一般地/漂亮/相當於/實際上
例：
“Traveling in the different countries in Asia is basically the same,” saidJohn, who had never been to any of the countries in Asia.
從未去過亞洲任何一個國家的約翰說：“在亞洲的不同國家旅行基本上是一樣的。”
Essentially, the point of the festival is to celebrate the great thingsthat have happened in the past year.
從本質上講，節日的意義在於慶祝過去一年發生的大事。
Virtually every tournament only lets boys compete, probably becauseeveryone is afraid to be beaten by a girl.
幾乎每場比賽都只讓男孩參加，可能是因爲每個人都害怕被女孩打敗。
限定詞不限於以上列表，可以是長短語，也可以是單個單詞。
什麼是強調詞?
強調詞是另一類特殊的修飾語。它們具有與限定詞相反的效果，並加強(而不是削弱)它們修改的單詞和短語的含義。
They are either positive (like very) or negative (like definitely not).
它們要麼是積極的(像非常)要麼是消極的(像絕對不是)。這兩類強調詞的例子如下：
肯定強調詞
Very/Extremely/Absolutely/Completely/Greatly/Too/So/Totally/Utterly/Highly/Rather/Really/Exceptionally/Particularly/Seriously/Quite(in American, but not British, English)/Awfully (be careful: awful means verybad, but awfully usually describes some great, like The cake was awfullydelicious!)
非常的/絕對的/完全的/非常的/太多的/所以的/完全的/程度高的/相當的/非常的/特別的/認真的/相當的(在美國，但不是英國，英語)/Awfully(小心：awful的意思是非常糟糕，但是awfully通常描述一些偉大的，如 The cake was awfully delicious! 蛋糕是非常美味的!)
例：
The boss was very adamant that the software be changed this way, so we hadbetter listen to his demands.
老闆非常堅決地要求這樣修改軟件，所以我們最好聽聽他的要求。
I completely agree with Nathan, even though we never agree on anything.
我完全同意內森的觀點，儘管我們從來沒有達成一致。
Sally really wanted to kiss Liam that night.
那天晚上莎莉真的很想吻利亞姆。
否定強調詞
Never/At all/What on earth…?
從來沒有/根本沒有/到底是什麼…?
e. What on earth is Mindy doing? To question Mindy’s actions.
明迪到底在幹什麼?質疑明迪的行爲。
Why… ever…?
究竟爲什麼?
e. Why did I ever agree to help you move your furniture? To indicate regretor a problem.
我究竟爲什麼同意幫你搬傢俱?表示遺憾或問題。
Dangerously/Seriously/Ever again/Bitterly (goes with specific words, only,including cold, unhappy, disappointed, sad, )
危險的/嚴肅的/永遠的/痛苦的(僅限於特定的詞語，包括冷漠、不快樂、失望、悲傷)
例：
Luke never wants to see Philip ever again.
盧克再也不想見菲利普了。
My son does not want to attend this college at all!
我兒子根本不想上這所大學!
You are getting dangerously close to the edge of my patience.
你正危險地接近我的忍耐極限。
一個更大的數字
Many/Most/Some/Lots of/Numerous/Countless/A majority/Mostly/Various
很多/大多數/一些/大多數/數不盡的/大多數的/各種各樣的
例：
Countless efforts have been made to change the system, but nothing hasworked.
爲改變這一制度已經做了無數的努力，但什麼也沒有奏效。
A majority of the benches in this park were donated by people from thisneighborhood.
公園裏的長椅大部分是由附近的人捐贈的。
Herbert was mostly just curious why you designed your office this way.
赫伯特只是好奇你爲什麼要這樣設計你的辦公室。
某事經常發生，或比你期望的更普遍
Often/Frequently/Commonly/For a long time/Usually/Sometimes/Repeatedly
經常/頻繁地/通常地/長時間/常/有時/反覆
例：
For a long time, I thought that all rabbits just ate carrots all thetime.
很長一段時間以來，我一直以爲所有的兔子都只吃胡蘿蔔。
She frequently stops by our shop to buy a jar of pickles.
她經常來我們店裏買一罐泡菜。
I have told you repeatedly not to bother me when I am working, have Inot?
我反覆告訴過你，我工作時不要打擾我，是嗎?
何時以及如何使用修飾詞、限定詞和強調詞?
在很大程度上，使用這些單詞和短語可以描繪出一幅更加豐富多彩和充滿活力的畫面，你想說什麼。它們有助於提供更多的細節和顯示完整的圖片。
修飾語可以用在句子的任何地方，可以有多種不同的形式。限定詞和強調詞是經常出現在它們所修飾的詞或短語前面的詞或短語。然而，使用太多會使你的寫作或演講變得雜亂無章。減少你使用的單詞數量和句子複雜程度的一個好方法就是複習你的寫作。
例：
Very important = crucial, central, essential
非常重要=關鍵、中心、關鍵
Very unimportant = trivial, irrelevant
非常不重要=微不足道，無關緊要
Very cold = chilly or freezing
非常冷=寒冷的，冷嗖嗖的
Very hot = sweltering
非常熱=悶熱的
Very confusing = puzzling, perplexing
非常困惑的=令人疑惑的
Very slow = sluggish
非常慢=慢悠悠的
Very fast = speedy, rapid, swift
非常快=迅速的
Very large = enormous, giant, huge
非常大=巨大的
Very small = nonexistent, tiny
非常小=不存在的，極小的
高中英語的語法知識3
虛擬語氣用法歸納
虛擬語氣用法歸納
虛擬語氣對於很多高中生而言都是一個困擾。難點有兩個
一. 何時用?
二. 何種形式?
一、何時用?
英語中的語氣分爲陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣等。虛擬語氣表示說話者做出的假設並非事實，或難以實現的，甚至表達相反的概念，或者表示主觀願望或某種強烈的感情。虛擬語氣通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示。
二、何種形式?
爲方便同學們記憶，不妨簡單歸納如下：
1.退後時態型
2. 情態動詞+have done
ld型。
1. 退後時態型
即依據所想表達的時間，現在的虛擬退後爲過去時，過去的虛擬退後爲過去的過去，即過去完成時，將來的虛擬退後爲過去將來時(有些從句不用將來時，單獨考慮)。
退後時態型包括：
1. if條件句 2. as if/ as though if/ even though 4. if only 5. wish d rather. 以上六種從句中。
虛擬條件句
如：
(1) 現在時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。eg：
If he were free now, he would help us.
要是他現在有空的話，它會幫助我們的。
(2) 過去時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。eg：
If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li.
如果我早點到那兒，我就會見到了李先生。
(3) 將來時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。eg
If he were to come/ should come/ came here tomorrow, he would tell us aboutit.
明天萬一他要來的話，他會通知我們一聲。
運用條件句中的虛擬語氣時，須注意的幾個問題:
(1) 注意：if條件句中因爲主將從現，不用將來時，所以與現在時間虛擬形式一致，無非增加兩種形式should do 、 were todo，整體看依然符合上述“現在的虛擬退後爲過去時，過去的虛擬退後爲過去的過去，即過去完成時，將來的虛擬退後爲過去將來”。
(2)錯綜時間虛擬條件句，即主、從句的動作不是同時發生時，依據表格主從句動詞形式區別對待。
①從句的動作與過去事實相反，而主句的動作與現在或現在正在發生的事實不符。eg：
If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer now, too.如果我在學校學習刻苦的話，我現在也會是工程師了
②從句的動作與現在事實相反，而主句的動作與過去事實不符。如：
If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的話， 我們會已經派他去北京了。
(3)含蓄條件句
without,but for, or, otherwise等詞可以表達假設，相當於if條件句。主句動詞形式依據時間確定
eg：
Without electricity, our life would be greatly different.
But for your help last term, I would have failed the exam.
We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephonedhim.
我們不知道他的電話號碼，否則我們就會給他打電話。
(4)當虛擬條件句的謂語動詞含有 had, should, were時, if 省略，將 had, should,were置於句首。爲方便記憶，按諧音可記爲：一馬當先還(had)數(should)我(were)，一馬當即爲將 were, should,had等詞置於句首。【注】若條件從句爲否定句，否定詞not不提前。
eg：
(1)Were he free now, he would help us.
要是他現在有空的話，它會幫助我們的。
(2)Had I got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li.
如果我早點到那兒，就會見到了李先生。
(3)Were he to come here tomorrow, he would tell us about it.
Should he come here tomorrow, he would tell us about it.
明天萬一他要來的話，他會通知我們一聲。
(4)Had I not got there late, I would have met Mr. Li.
如果我早點到那兒，就會見到了李先生。
2.動詞wish後接賓語從句時，從句謂語要用虛擬語氣。
表示與現在事實相反的願望，從句謂語用一般過去時或過去進行時(同樣be動詞換成were);表示與過去事實相反的願望，從句謂語用過去完成時haddone;
表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實現的願望，用過去將來時would /could+動詞原形。
注意如果將wish改爲過去式wished， 其後that 從句中的動詞形式不變。如：
1) How I wish / If only I could be of some use.
我希望我能有什麼用處。
2) How I wish / If only I had met him yesterday!
注意： 表示與過去事實相反的願望，從句謂語除用過去完成時had done外，也可以用would / could+have+過去分詞(注意這裏的情態動詞不能用should)
I wish I could have studied hard at university.
3. would rather之後的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實不相符的一種願望，其虛擬語氣的形式爲：
過去虛擬 用had + done
現在或者將來虛擬 用過去時(be用were )
eg：
1)I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday.
我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影。
2)I’d rather you were here now.
我倒想你現在在這兒。
3)We’d rather you went there tomorrow.
我們倒想你明天去那兒。
4. 其他
1)When a chopstick is partly in water, it looks as if it were broken.
2)Even if he were here, there would be nothing to be done.
2. 情態動詞+have done
should/ ought to/ could/ might/ needn’t/ would/ would like to/ would loveto/ would rather 等情態動詞後面+have done，表達對過去的虛擬，譯爲過去本應該，過去本能夠，過去本不必等。
eg：
1) I would/ would like to have attended the concert, but an unexpectedvisitor came then.
2) It was Sunday yesterday; he needn’t have gone to work. (本不必去卻去了)
3. should 型
1. 表達“建命要堅”等意義的詞後面的名詞從句中，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構成，其中的should可以省略。
建議：suggest/advise/propose/recommend/urge
命令：order/command
要求：demand/require/request
堅持：insist
eg：
1)The doctor advised that he change his job.
醫生勸他換工作。(賓語從句)
2)The workers on strike demanded that this tax be abolished.
罷工的工人們要求取消這種稅。(賓語從句)
3)The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected.
委員會建議推選戴先生。(賓語從句)
4)He took no notice of the doctor’s suggestion that he (should) notsmoke.
他對醫生對他不要抽菸的建議置之不理。(同位語從句)
5)My proposal is that the matter be put to the vote at once.
我提議對此問題立刻進行表決。(表語從句)
6) It is required in the notice that everyone (should) wear formalsuits
通知中要求所有人要着正裝。(主語從句)
7)They urged that relief work should be given priority.
他們敦促將救濟工作放在優先位置。
注意：
1)suggest譯爲“表明”、“暗示”時，不需要虛擬。
He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner.
他建議我們留下吃飯。
What he said suggested that he was a cheat.
他說的話表明他是個騙子。
2)動詞insist後接賓語從句時，除可用虛擬語氣外，也可用陳述語氣，兩者的區別是：若謂語動詞所表示的動作尚未發生，或尚未成爲事實，則用虛擬語氣;若謂語動詞所表示的動作已經發生，或已經成爲事實，則要用陳述語氣。比較：
He insisted that I had read his letter.
他堅持說我看過他的信。
He insisted that I should read his letter.
他堅持要我看他的信。
2. It is +表達情況緊迫性或者強烈情緒，觀點的n/adj/done +that+主語從句，從句的謂語動詞常用should+原形且should可以省略。
表示緊迫的或者表強烈情緒，觀點的詞如：advisable, critical, desirable, essential, imperative,important, necessary, urgent, vital, natural, strange, surprising, a pity, amiracle, desire, urge等。
eg:
1)Do you think it is necessary that he (should) not be sent to Miami.
2)It’s vital that you make a decision right now.
你立刻就做決定是至關重要的。
3)It is urged that relief work should be given priority.
他們敦促將救濟工作放在優先位置。
4)It is strange that such a person should be ourfriend.(should表示“竟然”，不可省)
奇怪的是這樣一個人會成爲我們的朋友。
3. 虛擬語氣句型It is 或was (high) time that +從句，從句的謂語動詞形式用一般過去時
或者should do形式且該should不可以省略。
eg: It is (high) time that we went /should go to school.
4. 在for fear that，in case，lest引導的從句中，虛擬語氣從句動詞形式爲：(should) +do，並且should能省略(for fear that，lest)，in case後不能省略。
eg:
1)She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in.
她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進入。
2) He started out earlier lest he (should) be late.
他早早地就出發了以防遲到。
注意：in case從句中可能性較大時，用陳述語氣
eg: You’d better take an umbrella in case it rains.
