當前位置

首頁 > 英語學習 > 四六級英語 > 英語六級考試作文寫作常識

英語六級考試作文寫作常識

推薦人: 來源: 閱讀: 2.46K 次

英語六級考試(包括其它水平考試)的寫作中,通常進行以下五個步驟:審題、選材、腹稿(包括提綱和正文)、書寫、修改。下面是英語六級寫作常識介紹,大家可以作爲參考。

英語六級考試作文寫作常識

一、 基本的寫作步驟

許多考生在拿到作文題後,就雷厲風行地動手寫了起來,結果不是寫的一塌糊塗就是改得亂七八糟。在英語六級考試(包括其它水平考試)的寫作中,通常進行以下五個步驟:審題、選材、腹稿(包括提綱和正文)、書寫、修改。

1. 審題

審題是寫作的第一步,也是最關鍵的一步。因爲如果跑題了的話,就幾乎不得分了。所以在拿到題後,一定要冷靜地弄清題目要求;然後確定文章的文體以及主題思想。

通常在四、六級的作文中,有兩種形式。一種是給出題目和提綱(中文或英文),另一種是給出題目和每一段的段首句(段首句大多是該段的主題句,其實相當於提綱)。我們應該充分利用這些信息,纔不至於跑題。 以2001年1月份的試題爲例,它的題目是“How to Succeed in a Job Interview?”,給出了兩個要點(提綱):

(1)面試在求職過程中的作用

(2)取得面試因素:儀表,舉止談吐,能力,專業知識,自信,實事求是......

從這些信息來看,這篇文章應該是一篇議論加說明的文章,要求寫的是如何在找工作時順利(成功)通過面試。兩個提綱告訴我們,文章至少要分兩個部分,第一個部分是議論,說明面試是重要的;第二個部分要從第二點中給出的幾個方面挑幾點說明怎樣去做。

但是這兩個部分在文章中的比重應該如何?是否要平均?

此時應該看到,標題中的關鍵詞是HOW,因此文章的重點應該在第二點,而第一點只是作爲引言。

那麼文章要分爲幾段呢?

在英語文章中,每一段只討論一個問題。所以第(1)點顯然要獨立成段,第(2)點因爲是文章的重點所在,可以是一個長一點的段或分爲幾段。但要注意的是,既然第一段是一個引言,那麼文章就應該還有一個總結的段落,這是原提綱中沒給出來的。

2.選材

確定了文章的主題和輪廓之後,我們就開始考慮要選擇哪些要點來闡明主題。選材一定要圍繞主題句進行,同時要考慮到全面性。

比如在考慮上面第一點時,我們要想到面試對雙方都是重要的。對於interviewer來說,通過面試他能對applicant有更好的瞭解,能通過面試挑到合適的人選等;而對於interviewee來說,他能通過面試更好地瞭解所申請的工作、薪水、待遇等信息,還能更好地展示自己,還能增強自己的社會知識,能練習與人打交道等。

但這些是否都要寫進文章中去呢?或者比重是否都應該一樣呢?

當然不。就面試的作用來說,因爲標題是站在求職者的角度來說的,因此面試對於求職者的作用就顯得比它對招聘者的作用更爲重要。而在後者中增強自己的社會知識、練習與人打交道等方面,並不是面試最重要的方面,就可以捨去。 就第二點來說,提綱中給出了許多方面,但這些方面也不能一一都寫進作文中去,否則就不是一篇考試作文,而要寫一本求職大全了。應該挑最重要的和最好寫的去說,別的可以一帶而過甚至不提。

3. 打腹稿

打腹稿是不可省略的一步,但卻爲許多人所忽視。其實打腹稿就相當於我們平時寫作時打草稿,只是考試時沒有時間,也沒有紙用來打草稿。 建議平時寫作時,要養成良好的習慣,即使在打草稿時也要仔細想一想要怎麼寫,在腦子中先將文章“讀”一篇。

打腹稿時,首先要考慮文章的開頭和結尾,然後是各個段落間的銜接和過渡,然後是各個句子怎樣寫,要注意用自己熟悉的、有把握的句子,同時也要注意句子之間的銜接與連貫。 4. 抄寫

嚴格地說,第四步僅僅是將前面三步的結果用筆寫到試卷上。這部分不應占用太多的時間,真正需要時間的是前面的三步。

5. 修改

修改的主要任務是檢查一下有無拼寫和語法方面的錯誤,同時注意是否用詞有過多的重複。

總之,在寫作時切忌一邊想一邊寫。

二、文章的銜接與連貫

在評分標準中,同是否扣題同樣重要的是文章的連貫性。往往有的文章扣題倒也扣題了,但還是得不了幾分,這其中的原因恐怕與連貫性有很大的關係。 這裏所說的連貫有兩兩層含義。一是指文章在內容上是連貫、統一的,文章中所有的句子都是爲全文的中心服務的。就各段而言,其中的每一句話都要緊緊圍繞着該段的主題句進行,不能說與主題句無關的東西。有人也將其稱爲統一性。請看一例:

The weather has been changeable. On Sunday we had a high wind that blew down some trees. Monday was so cold that we had to turn on the heat and wear out winter coats. On Tuesday we formed a group to go roller skating. By Wednesday the weather cleared and the sun came out. Thursday was as hot and humid as an August day. Friday morning it began to rain, and it looks as if we’ll have a cold, steady wind for a few days.

這一段寫“最近天氣多變”,首句爲主題句。擴展句敘述了星期日、星期一、星期三、星期四和星期五的天氣情況,用以展開關鍵詞changeable。但星期二沒有提天氣,而是說當天的活動安排,偏離了主題,打斷了段落敘述的連貫性,破壞了段落邏輯意義的統一性,應刪去或改爲與天氣有關的話。

再如:

Sports benefit us in many respects. When taking part in sports, we get the chance to train almost all parts of our body. There is no doubt that properly balanced physical activities keep us physically fit. Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health. Through participation, everyone can learn that on the playing field he not only competes for himself but also for his team. Sports teach us about consideration, cooperation and optimism, and how to cope with difficulties.

第一句是本段的主題句,接下來作者從體育運動對身體的好處說了兩句,第四句講述體育運動對心理方面的益處,第五句從團隊的方面加以論述,最後一句既是論據,同時也是對前面三點的概括。全段沒有一句話脫離主題句。

連貫的第二層含義指的是表達上的連貫。文章的段落之間、段落中各句子之間要有一定的銜接。

段落結構和句與句之間的銜接應遵照一定的順序。段落之間的連接也應符合邏輯。這樣使文章連貫緊湊,自然流暢,層次分明,脈絡清晰。段落只有在具有含義一致性的同時又具有表達的連貫性才能充分有效地傳達信息,真正實現寫作目的。

這兩層意義的連貫性是相輔相成的。內容的連貫性是表達連貫性的前提,一組互不相干的句子放在一起,無法取得表達的連貫性;一致性有賴於連貫性,只有把一組意義緊密相關的句子有機地組合起來,才能真正充分有效地闡述其主題思想。 就上面的例一來說,雖然它是以時間爲線索將這幾天串在一起,但仍讓人感覺太亂。每個句子都是以星期某一天的名子開頭,太單調了。各個句子之間似乎沒有什麼關係,應該說是一篇連貫性較差的文章。下面讓我們對它稍加修改一下:

The weather has been changeable. On Sunday we had a high wind that blew down some trees. Monday was so cold that we had to turn on the heat and wear out winter coats. And it remained gloomy the next day. To our pleasure, by Wednesday the weather cleared and the sun came out. But Thursday tuned out to be as hot and humid as an August day. Worse still, it began to rain this morning, and it looks as if we’ll have a cold, steady wind for a few days.

那麼,如何使文章連貫呢?

就議論文而言,獲取連貫主要有三種方法:一是內容上的連貫,二是使用代詞或有意地重複一些詞,三是使用關聯詞語。

內容上的連貫如前所述。

代詞和有意的重複可起到銜接的作用。例如在上面的例子中,在提到星期二時,沒有用Tuesday,而是用了the next day,避免重複,並把這兩天連在一起,讓人感覺到了前後的承接。再如最後一句中原文用的是Friday morning,改爲this morning後,意義並沒有改變,但一下子把距離拉近了,既承接起前面的五天,又能與後一分句中的將來時有效的結合。

關聯詞和插入語的使用是大學英語六級考試作文中最明顯的連接手段,如上例中的and,to our pleasure,but,worse still。

需要注意的是,關聯詞的使用是與段落(文章)的展開方法密切相關的,不要爲了使用關聯詞而使用關聯詞。下面結合段落的展開方法具體加以說明。

1. 列舉法

列舉的模式通常是

主題句----example 1 ----example 2 ----example 3

列舉時常用for example, for instance, such as, like, as proof, thus, take…as an example, to illustrate 等詞語.

Nonverbal communication, or "body language." is communication by facial expressions, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures. It can be just as important to understanding as words are. Misunderstandings often amusing but sometimes serious-can arise between people from different culture if they misinterpret nonverbal signals. Take for example, the differences in meaning of gesture very common in the United States: a circle made with the thumb and index finger. To an American, it means that everything is ok. To a Japanese, it means that you are talking about money. In France," it means that something is worthless, and in Greece, it is an obscene gesture. Therefore, an American could unknowingly offend a Greek by using that particular hand signal.

2. 分類法

一般是在主題句之後,依次羅列段落指示詞所表達的幾個部分或幾個方面。然後,選用豐富的事例對所羅列的各個部分或各個方面進行具體地說明或解釋。

There are three basic kinds of materials that can" be found in any good library. First, there are books on all subjects, both in English and in many other languages. These books are organized according to subject, title, and author in a central file caned the card catalog. Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks. Second, there are reference works. which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliography, atlases, etc., and which generally must be used in the library itself. Third, there are periodicals- magazines, newspapers, pamphlets-which are flied alphabetically in racks, or which have been filmed to conserve space. Like reference works, periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library.

分類時常用:most of all, next,moreover, in addition,besides,furthermore,to begin with,to start with,first of all,first,second,third…

3. 因果關係

在段落一開頭,就用主題句點明其因果關係,然後選用有關材料,客觀的羅列某些原因或結果,以證闡述的中心思想。

Growing numbers of well-to-do Americans are making the decision to move abroad. They find it impossible in America to walk the streets at night without fear of being raped, mugged, or murdered, nor do they see a way to escape the poisonous air of the cities. They maintain that even American food has become increasingly dangerous to eat. Last but not least, they insist that they are sick of the pace of American life, a pace that leaves no time for relaxation or pleasure.

因果關係常用語匯: because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in

4.比較法

主題句必須明確表明所要比較的對象和所要比較的範圍,實際上就是羅列兩個或兩個以上比較對象的相同點。

Learning English is like building a house. Laying a solid foundation is the first and most important step. In other words, you should reads, you should read and speak English every day. Memorizing new words and phrases is also helpful. Like building a house, learning English takes some time. So don’t be impatient. Remember, Rome wasn’t built in a day.

常用語彙:at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, show a degree of similarity, similarly, lie and so , the same as, and… too, in the same way, in a like manner

5.舉例法

列舉事實或舉出實例來說明中心思想, 是簡單易行、具有說服力的寫作方法。

Communicating with other people by telephone is very convenient, especially when you have something urgent. For example, if one of your family members is seriously ill at right, and you don’t know how to deal with it and where to find a doctor, what can you do? A telephone is the answer. Dial 120 and you will get services from the hospital very soon.