伊朗宗教領袖稱3G網絡不道德

A Grand Ayatollah in Iran has determined that access to high-speed and 3G Internet is “against Sharia” and “against moral standards.” In answer to a question published on his website, Grand Ayatollah Nasser Makarem Shirazi, one of the country’s highest clerical authorities, issued a fatwa, stating “All third generation [3G] and high-speed internet services, prior to realization of the required conditions for the National Information Network [Iran’s government-controlled and censored Internet which is under development], is against Sharia [and] against moral and human standards.”
伊朗一位大阿亞圖拉（什葉派宗教領袖的尊稱）最近宣佈高速互聯網和3G互聯網有違伊斯蘭教法，並且不符合道德標準。在他的個人網站中，大阿亞圖拉納賽爾•馬卡拉姆•設拉子發佈了一道伊斯蘭教令，稱“在國家信息網絡（伊朗正在開發中的政府控制-審查互聯網）的必要條件還未實現之前，所有第三代網絡和高速互聯網服務都是違反伊斯蘭教法，並且違反道德和人類標準的。”

He added that “Judicial officials must not remain indifferent about this vital issue.” The question was raised for the Grand Ayatollah by “a group of cyber space activists,” according to his website.
這位大阿亞圖拉還表示“司法官員一定不能對此類關乎國家存亡的問題不聞不問。”從其個人網站上可知，該問題是由“一羣網絡激進分子”向他提出來的。

Internet access has been an ongoing struggle between Iran’s hardliners, who retain key bases of power in the judicial, intelligence and security branches of government and wish to maintain strict censorship and control over all information, and the 42 million Iranians—some 55% of the population—who use the Internet. Internet speed is a critical weapon in this battle, as the authorities frequently slow the speed of the Internet as a means to render it effectively useless, thereby depriving the citizenry of the online access it needs for professional, educational, and commercial use.
由於伊朗政府的司法部門、情報和安全部門一直以來都掌握在政府的強硬路線派手中，所以伊朗的互聯網接入一直舉步維艱，強硬派希望對伊朗政府能對4200萬伊朗網民（約佔全伊朗人口55%）實施嚴格的互聯網審查並能控制所有信息。在這場較量中，網速是至關重要的武器，伊朗政府爲了減少互聯網的用處，常常採取降低網速的手段，導致許多專業性、教育性和商用互聯網應用無法使用。

During his presidential election campaign in 2013, the centrist Hassan Rouhani responded to demands of his supporters for higher speed Internet access by saying: “We are in a situation where our researchers and students wish to use the Internet. Our people deserve better than to wait for information on the Internet.”
在 2013年伊朗總統大選中，中立派議員哈桑•魯哈尼對他的支持者提出的提高網速的要求給出了這樣的答覆：“我們的研究人員和學生目前希望使用互聯網。我們的人民不應該將時間花在等待網絡信息上。”

Shortly after taking office, Rouhani’s Minister of Communications and Information Technology, Mahmoud Vaezi, said in December 2013 that Internet speeds will increase to double and triple their existing rates. He also acknowledged the public demand for higher Internet bandwidth and speed and said that a three-year plan will address the issue.
上臺後不久，魯哈尼政府通信和信息技術部部長穆罕默德•瓦埃齊曾表示，2013年12月前伊朗的網速將提高至現有速度的兩至三倍。他也承認公衆需要更快的互聯網帶寬和網速，並表示通過三年計劃能夠解決現有問題。

However, conservative, religious, and security organizations and officials fear the loss of control that a faster Internet will bring, and as such resist the administration’s efforts to provide the faster services. As significant as a Grand Ayatollah’s fatwa is, it is not mandatory for the administration to enforce it. Nevertheless, the gesture is indicative of the clerics’ strong views on the issue and the difficulties the Rouhani administration will have in delivering such capabilities.
然而，伊朗的保守份子、宗教組織和安全部門以及政府官員害怕對速度更快的互聯網可能會導致失控，因此抵抗政府的決定。雖然大阿亞圖拉發佈了這道教令，但政府有權不執行。不過，這也預示了宗教界對互聯網接入速度問題的強硬態度，也表示魯哈尼政府要實現“網速加倍”這個目標會比較困難。

The conservative majority of the Iranian Parliament wants the Rouhani administration to abandon its plans for faster Internet, and to continue pursuing development of the National Information Network, (National Intranet) which was begun under the previous Ahmadinejad administration and will give the government total control over Internet access inside Iran. On July 6, 2014, several Members of Parliament issued a written warning to the Communications Minister about his concentration on what they called “secondary issues” such as “Internet bandwidth,” or “un-blocking Internet websites,” and demanded that he switch to establishing the National Intranet.
伊朗國會中佔多數的保守派希望魯哈尼政府能放棄提高網速的計劃，並繼續從內賈德政府開始的國家信息網絡開發，這樣政府才能完全掌控伊朗國內所有的互聯網接入。2014年7月6日，國會中的一些成員還對通信部長髮出了書面警告，不允許他提高“互聯網帶寬”也不允許“對某些互聯網網站不進行阻攔”，警告中稱通信部長將大量時間花在提高網速這類“次要問題”上，並要求他放棄前者，繼續投入國家信息網絡的建設。

Any limitations Iranian officials and high-ranking clerics impose on Internet access are in violation of UN treaties. The UN adopted a resolution in 2012, which stipulates that Internet access is a right for all peoples of the world, and demands that countries respect the right to free expression and free access to the Internet and guarantee this right for their citizens.
伊朗官方及高級傳教士對互聯網接入等方面的任何限制都是違反聯合國條約的。聯合國援引2012年一項明確規定互聯網權利人人享有的決議，要求所有國家尊重並保證國民自由表達、自由使用互聯網的權利。

Rouhollah Momen, a former Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance official from the previous Ahmadinejad cabinet, told the Communication and Information Technology News Agency (CITNA) on August 21 that Grand Ayatollahs and top clerics of Qom have expressed their concerns about the implementation of 3G Internet and higher in the country. "If the Ministry of Communications does not pay attention to the sensitivities of the people and the ulama [high-ranking clerics], [the Ministry] will have no choice but to prepare itself for significant developments at the Parliament and in society,” he said, adding, “This is why Qom ulama have said that if their warnings are not heeded, they are even prepared to come to Tehran to object to this issue.”
伊朗文化和伊斯蘭指導部前部長莫門8月21日告訴CITNA的記者，幾位大阿亞圖拉和庫姆市的幾名最高傳教士表達了他們伊朗高速網絡和3G互聯網的擔憂。“如果通信部不關心人民和烏力馬（穆斯林的學者或宗教、法律的權威）的敏感問題，那麼通信部除了爲自身在國會和社會的長足發展做好準備以外沒有其它選擇。”他還表示如果警告沒有效果，庫姆市的烏力馬準備前往德黑蘭進行抗議。

Mahmoud Khosravi, Chairman of the Board and Managing Director of the Ertebatat-e Zirsakht (Communications Infrastructure) Company, stated recently that three million new requests for high-speed Internet services had been filed.
一家通訊基礎設施公司的總經理穆罕默德•科霍斯羅維稱最近已有近三百萬提出使用高速互聯網的申請。