共產主義風投 政府驅動的中國創業潮(下)
Hangzhou is home to China’s most famous internet company, the e-commerce giant Alibaba, which has become a training ground for would-be entrepreneurs.
杭州是中國最著名的互聯網企業、電商巨頭阿里巴巴的總部所在地。阿里巴巴已經成了想創業的人的培訓基地。
The neighborhoods near Alibaba’s sprawling campus, once a poorly developed area on the city’s outskirts, now make up a budding tech center with newly built office parks like Dream Town, dominated by ambitious college graduates, angel investors and venture capitalists.
阿里巴巴的園區規模龐大，所處的地方一度是杭州市郊的一個不發達地區。如今，這裏形成了一個新興的科技中心，有多個像夢想小鎮這樣的辦公園區，往來人員以躊躇滿志的大學畢業生、天使投資人和風險投資者爲主。
The local restaurants have become hangouts to exchange ideas and gossip over fried squid and stewed pork and eggs.
當地的餐廳成了一邊品嚐炒魷魚、燉豬肉和雞蛋，一邊交流想法和八卦的場所。
Feng Xiao is typical of this new breed.
馮曉是這一新興羣體的典型代表。
Mr. Feng, 39 and a Hangzhou native, spent 11 years at Alibaba, mainly in sales and marketing.
現年39歲的馮曉乃杭州本地人，曾在阿里巴巴任職11年，主要從事市場營銷工作。
There is a Chinese proverb, ‘The soil is too rich,’ Mr. Feng said.
按中國人的說法，這是片沃土，馮曉說。
Alibaba offered you a lot of opportunities. It was easy to have a sense of success. But I wanted to be able to start from scratch.
阿里巴巴會給你很多的機會，在那兒很容易獲得一種成就感，不過我還是希望能從頭開始創業。
His start-up was born in Alibaba’s cafeteria, where he ate meal after meal.
他的初創企業誕生於阿里巴巴的餐廳，他以前成天在那兒吃東西。
I really missed Mom’s cooking, he said.
我挺想念我媽媽的飯的，他說。
He figured that many other people, trapped working for long hours far from home, felt the same.
他覺得其他很多離家在外、長時間忙於工作的人，應該和他有着同樣的感受。
Mr. Feng and two other Alibaba employees left their jobs in 2014 and opened a food delivery service, Mishi.
馮曉和阿里巴巴的另外兩名員工於2014年離職，創辦了提供送餐服務的覓食。
Their plan was to connect people willing to prepare homemade meals with on-the-go professionals who were too busy to cook.
他們的計劃是把樂於烹製家常菜的人和無暇下廚的專業人士聯繫起來。
They set up shop in a friend’s empty house, decorated with secondhand furniture and photos from home.
他們在一位朋友的空房子裏開了店，裏面擺上二手傢俱，以及從家裏拿來的照片。
Along with raising $19 million from private investors, Mishi caught the eye of the Hangzhou city government.
除了從私人投資者手中募集了1900萬美元資金，覓食還獲得了杭州市政府的關注。
In 2014, district officials awarded Mishi 5 million renminbi to help pay the bills.
2014年，區裏的官員獎給覓食500萬元人民幣，幫其支付賬單。
Its rent in a Hangzhou office park is also subsidized.
它還得到了租金補貼，用以在杭州一個辦公園區租賃辦公場地。
The most important thing on the part of the government is whether they are open to new types of businesses, Mr. Feng said.
其實很重要的是政府是否能夠對待新的業務模式保持開放的態度，馮曉說。
We are glad to see they are aggressively supporting us.
政府這麼強力支持我們，我們是很高興的。
Hangzhou represents what Chinese leaders see as the nation’s economic future.
杭州代表着中國領導人眼中的本國經濟的未來。
The country used to generate astronomical growth rates by depending heavily on low-cost exports and extremely high investment in apartment towers, factories and highways.
以前，中國習慣於嚴重依賴低成本出口，以及對公寓樓、工廠和公路的大手筆投資，以此來支撐驚人的經濟增長率。
China built so many steel mills that it can produce 10 times as much steel as the United States.
中國已經建起了太多鋼鐵廠，其產量是美國的十倍。
But today, costs are rising, eating away at the competitiveness of many export industries.
但現在，日益升高的成本削弱了許多出口行業的競爭力。
The long investment boom has saddled the economy with too many factories and a mountain of debt.
長期以來的投資熱潮讓中國經濟背上了工廠數量過剩、債務堆積如山的負擔。
Instead, policy makers are encouraging a shift to new growth engines, like services and high tech.
因此，決策者們正致力於推動轉型，把服務業、高科技業等打造成新的增長引擎。
The entrepreneurial focus is providing an economic boost for Hangzhou.
以創業爲核心的做法，正在刺激杭州經濟的發展。
The city’s gross domestic product rose 10.2 percent in 2015, compared with the 6.9 percent national growth rate.
在2015年，杭州的GDP增長了10.2%，相比之下，整個中國的增長率爲6.9%。
Hangzhou’s service sector, which includes many start-ups, was the main engine of that strong performance, surging 14.6 percent.
杭州的服務業——包括許多初創企業——是促成這種強勁增長的主要引擎，其產值猛增了14.6%。
The Chinese know that state-owned enterprises are not going to employ everybody, said Hans Tung, a managing partner at GGV Capital, a venture capital firm that operates in both Silicon Valley and China.
中國人知道，國有企業沒法僱用所有人，在硅谷和中國均有業務的風險投資公司紀源資本(GGV Capital)的管理合夥人童士豪(Hans Tung)說。
They need young people to create jobs for themselves, so they are encouraging them to try something new.
他們需要讓年輕人自己創造出就業機會，於是就鼓勵他們嘗試新東西。
Mishi, the food delivery start-up, has created 100 full-time jobs, and has bolstered the incomes of more than 10,000 home chefs.
送餐初創企業覓食創造了100個全職工作崗位，併爲超過1萬名家庭廚師帶來了更多收入。
Cai Liangen, a retired businessman turned Mishi cook, learned about the start-up when a marketing team visited his apartment complex seeking to enlist new chefs.
從退休商人變身爲覓食廚師的蔡連根，在想要網羅新廚師的營銷團隊到訪他住的公寓樓時知道了這家初創企業。
Last November, he and his wife began making local specialties in their kitchen, including a sliced pork dish prepared with my mother’s secret recipe, Mr. Cai said.
蔡連根說，他和妻子從去年11月開始在自家廚房裏烹製本地特色菜，其中包括按照我母親的家傳祕方做的一道豬肉片。
They now receive 40 orders a day and earn 5,000 renminbi a month, increasing their total income 70 percent.
他們現在每天能接到40個訂單，一個月能賺5000元人民幣，家庭總收入提高了70%。
We do it because we love to cook, Mr. Cai said, but the money is good to have, too.
我們是因爲喜歡燒飯才做這個的，蔡連根說。能掙一些錢也不錯。
After submitting a 10-page proposal in 2014 to join a Hangzhou incubator, Ai Binke sat nervously before a committee of tech industry executives who questioned his future prospects.
在2014年，爲了加入杭州的一個孵化器，艾斌科在遞交了一份10頁長的方案之後，不安地坐在一個由科技行業高管組成的委員會面前，接受關於企業未來前景的質詢。
His software company, Yun Ran Internet of Things, had only four employees, and its business deals had been small.
他的軟件企業名爲云然物聯網公司，當時只有四名僱員，業務規模也很小。
But his start-up, Mr. Ai explained to the committee, had great potential.
但艾斌科向委員會解釋，他的初創企業潛力極大。
That was sufficient for the judges to award him 100,000 renminbi in subsidies.
這足以說服評委們給予他10萬元人民幣的補助。
The bulk, roughly 70 percent, was instantly transferred into his corporate bank account.
大約70%的款項立即就轉入了云然公司的銀行賬戶。
As long as you run projects that are encouraged by the Hangzhou government, you can get the subsidies, said Mr. Ai, 29.
基本上只要你的項目是杭州政府支持的項目，你都能獲得補助，現年29歲的艾斌科說。
It’s not very difficult.
不會太難。
Local governments around China are spending heavily on start-ups.
中國各地方政府正向初創企業投入大筆資金。
In Shenzhen, authorities are offering to subsidize up to 70 percent of rent for creative start-ups.
在深圳，當局爲創新型初創企業提供的租金補貼可多達租金的70%。
Local officials in the southwestern metropolis of Chengdu are setting up a 200 million renminbi entrepreneurship and innovation development fund and promising subsidies of up to 5 million renminbi.
在西南地區的大城市成都，地方官員設立了規模爲2億元人民幣的創新創業發展基金，並承諾給予相關企業的補助最高可達500萬元。
Officials in Guangdong province in China’s south will cover part of a start-up’s losses.
南方省份廣東的官員願爲初創企業承擔部分損失。
Even the lesser-known city of Yingtan, in an area of Jiangxi province mainly known for its ancient Taoist temples, is planning to build an incubator.
就連不太爲人所知的鷹潭市，也打算打造一個孵化器。鷹潭隸位於江西省，主要以古老的道觀聞名。
Hangzhou’s government has been one of the more active.
杭州市政府是較爲積極的一個。
Officials are forming a venture capital fund of 4.7 billion renminbi , with contributions from companies, according to the city’s website.
該市的網站顯示，官方正利用來自企業的款項，籌辦一個規模爲47億元人民幣的風險投資基金。
This year, Hangzhou announced that it would give 100 million renminbi annually to help start-ups pay expenses.
杭州於今年宣佈，每年將投入1億元，幫助初創企業支付各種費用。
But governments historically have a spotty record of using state-directed money to generate business success stories.
不過，回顧歷史，政府利用自身控制的資金打造成功商業案例的記錄一向良莠不齊。
During Japan’s high-growth decades, its bureaucrats tried to pick winners by selecting certain industries for support.
在日本經濟高速增長的幾十年裏，該國的官僚試圖通過篩出可以獲得支持的特定行業來挑選贏家。
Though they nurtured a few internationally competitive industries (shipbuilding and steel), they also had significant failures (chemicals and computer software).
儘管培育出了幾個頗具國際競爭力的行業（造船業和鋼鐵業），但他們也遭遇過巨大的失敗（化工業和計算機軟件業）。
The Obama administration got a black eye for its financial aid to the solar technology firm Solyndra, which sank into bankruptcy.
奧巴馬政府曾因給太陽能科技企業Solyndra提供財務援助，但公司最終破了產，弄得他們灰頭土臉。
In China, government efforts to assist new businesses have often led to waste and excess.
在中國，政府扶助新企業的努力常常導致浪費和過剩。
Too much investment pours into favored industries, spawning poorly conceived projects in areas like hotels and solar panels.
太多投資涌進受青睞的行業，在各地催生出了大量匆忙上馬的項目，比如在酒店和太陽能組件領域。
By trying to spur start-ups, the state is also engaging in a high-risk business that even for the most experienced venture capitalist is prone to produce more failures than successes.
通過竭力推動初創企業的發展，政府還涉足了一個高風險的行業——就連經驗最老道的風險投資人遭遇的失敗也往往多過取得的成功。
Hangzhou officials are trying to avoid such pitfalls.
杭州的官員正竭力避免這類陷阱。
At Dream Town, the financial aid is often linked to a start-up’s performance.
在夢想小鎮，資金援助常常和初創公司的業績掛鉤。
The amount of free rent depends on how much private capital a company can raise.
租金減免額度取決於企業可以募集多少私人資金。
Cash handouts are tied to revenue targets or top-selling apps.
現金髮放則和收入目標掛鉤，或者針對最受歡迎的一些應用。
Government officials also enlist professionals to help allocate the city’s money.
政府官員也會招募一些專業人士來協助分派該市的資金。
The committee that judges applicants to Dream Town is usually made up of tech executives, financiers and academics.
對申請加入夢想小鎮的人員進行評判的那個委員會，通常由科技企業高管、金融從業人士和學者構成。
Ye Feng, a manager at another incubator who has sat as a judge on three occasions, said she quizzed the contenders on their technology, business plan and even product pricing.
另一個孵化器的負責人葉楓曾在三個場合擔任評委，她說自己向申請者詢問過他們的技術、商業計劃，甚至是產品定價。
Usually about 30 start-ups appear at each competition.
每一場角逐通常會有30家初創企業參與。
No more than four make the cut to enter Dream Town.
獲准加入夢想小鎮的不會超過四家。
The competition is quite fierce, Ms. Ye said.
競爭還是挺激烈的，葉楓說。
Sometimes it’s hard to make a decision.
有的時候要做出一個決定很難。
But some in Hangzhou fear that the government is doling out too much money, and it is flowing to start-ups with weak business plans and feeble prospects.
但杭州的一些人士擔心，政府撒錢太多，一些資金正流向商業計劃乏善可陳、前景黯淡無光的初創企業。
Mr. Ai of Yun Ran said that two neighbors also received city subsidies.
云然公司的艾斌科說，鄰近的兩家公司也獲得了政府的補助。
One, a robotics start-up, failed to attract private capital and closed, while the other, a mobile game company, is struggling to stay afloat as its business withers.
其中一家是機器人初創企業，沒能吸引到私人資本，最終關門大吉；另一家是做手遊的，業務不斷萎縮，正掙扎求存。
The government money, Mr. Ai said, often cannot replace the private capital necessary for start-ups.
艾斌科表示，政府資金通常無法取代對初創企業必不可少的私人資本。
Without financing, it would be very hard for them to survive, he said.
沒有這樣的資金上的支持的話，這些企業會很難生存。
