6種時間管理方式大綱

Time management is the process of planning and controlling how much time to spend on specific activities.

時間管理，指的是計劃與控制要在某個事情上花多少時間的過程。

Good time management allows an individual to complete more in a shorter period of time, lowers the amount of stress, and leads to career success.

良好的時間管理讓人事半功倍，幫人舒緩壓力，走上職業成功之路。

Scientists are often passionate about their research, and frequently work long hours. However, it is not necessary to become a workaholic to be a good scientist. If you attempt to accomplish too many tasks simultaneously, the most likely outcome is that you will be overwhelmed in the forlorn hope of ‘catching up’.

科學家們經常熱衷於他們的研究，而且經常工作很長時間。然而，要成爲一個優秀的科學家，其實沒有必要成爲一個工作狂。如果你試圖同時完成過多的任務，最有可能的結果是，明明完成不了，但爲了“趕上進度”，你自己就先垮掉。

The amount and quality of what you achieve are crucially dependent on how effectively you manage your time. Here is some advice on how to better manage your time as a scientist, based on our experience as scientists and supervisors.

你所能取得的成就，其數量和質量的關鍵，就在於你怎樣有效地管理你的時間。下面這些建議，基於我們作爲科學家和導師的經驗，可以告訴你科學家們怎樣更有效地管理時間。

Make a plan

制定計劃

There are many components that need to be drawn together to achieve success in a project. You want to deliver good science while simultaneously helping your manager, completing your training, coping with all the administration and dealing with the many other distractions you face.

爲了在一個項目中取得成功，需要完成很多“子任務”。你想做好科研，同時也要幫你的導師幹活，你要完成自己的培訓，還得應付所有的行政管理事務，處理你面臨的許多其他干擾。

Sometimes it is difficult not to feel overwhelmed. The best way to achieve success and preserve your sanity is to make a plan. This starts as a list of all the tasks that are either desirable or vital for accomplishing your goals. Write them down, don’t just rely on your memory: it’s not as good as you think it is.

有時候真的很難不垮掉。通往成功和保持理智的最好方法就是制定計劃。一開始就要列一個清單，寫出所有完成你的目標所需要的或者至關重要的任務。把它們寫下來，不要只依賴你的記憶：你的記性通常沒你想的那麼好。

Next comes the crucial step of prioritizing. Highlight tasks on your list to signify their urgency. This allows you to identify at a glance the tasks that you need to focus on. Consider how crucial these items are to your career and the success of your organization, and when they need to be completed — not how enjoyable or easy they will be. Focus only on one item at a time: the others can wait their turn. You will need to update and review your list regularly, but don’t deny yourself the pleasure of putting your pen through items that you have completed.

接下來的這一重要步驟，就是排列任務優先級。把列表中的任務塗上高亮，表示其緊迫性。這就讓你可以一目瞭然地確定需要特別關注的任務。要考慮到這些事項對你的職業生涯和組織的成功有多重要，以及什麼時候需要完成這些事項——不要按照任務的愉快度和容易度來排列。一段時間內只做一件事：其他事項也要按順序來。同時，你還需要定期更新和覆盤你的任務優先表，完成一項劃掉一項，讓自己享受這種快感。

Beware of distractions

當心分心

Take a long, hard look at your relationship with e-mail and social media. Although they are vital to everyday communication, they can claim much more attention than they deserve. Consider shutting them off completely as you work on a task that requires your full attention.

認真觀察一下你和電子郵件還有社交媒體的關係。儘管它們對日常交流至關重要，但它們還是會佔用很多不該被分散的注意力。在你做一項需要全神貫注的事時，不妨把它們全部關掉。

Learn to say ‘no’

學會拒絕

Many business leaders put a lot of their success down to simply saying ‘no’. That is, they prioritize their efforts in the few areas that really matter and have the courage to say no to everything else. Those asking for your involvement would be more disappointed if you unwisely agreed to do something, but then failed to deliver. Be realistic with yourself, and honest with others.

許多商業領袖把他們的成功簡單地歸結爲：說“不”。也就是說，他們把自己的精力放在少數真正重要的領域，並且還有勇氣拒絕其他任何事情。如果你盲目答應了別人什麼事情，但又沒能做好，這些人估計會比你一開始不答應他們要更失望。對自己要現實，對他人要誠實。

Saying no is much more difficult if you are, or perceive yourself to be, low down in the hierarchy of your organization. Nevertheless, it’s important to be honest and to look after your health. Sharing your prioritized list with your supervisor will also help with any potentially difficult discussions around not being able to deliver or take on additional work.

如果你在組織的層級中處於較低的位置，或者認爲自己處於較低的位置，那麼拒絕別人就困難得多。但不管怎樣，誠實對人並且關照自己的健康纔是重要的。把你的任務優先計劃共享給你的導師，就算有不能承接或者完成不了的額外工作，你們之間的談話也會變簡單。

Give yourself a break

適當休息

Taking breaks is good for your brain. Don’t be hard on yourself: you will actually perform better if you take breaks and cultivate a life outside science. This might seem counter-intuitive with all those tasks on your list, but solutions to apparently intractable problems can come from a refreshed brain — and a brain that can keep things in perspective.

適當休息對你的大腦有好處。不要對自己太苛刻：如果你休息一下，培養一下科研之外的生活愛好，實際上你會表現得更好。看着你清單上的繁重任務，貌似休息並不符合常理，不過，面對明顯很難解決的問題，一個精力充沛的大腦才能給出解決方案——煥新的大腦才能幫你恰當處理這些問題。

Try to avoid looking at your work e-mails when you are not working. They do not need to be answered until the next working day. The world will not collapse if you delay opening some e-mails.

不工作的時候儘量不要查看你的工作電子郵件，下一個工作日之前回復都不遲。這世界不會因爲你晚點看郵件就崩塌。

Don’t try to chase every great idea

忌騖高遠

The other side of permitting yourself time to explore alternative ideas, as well as the suggestions of managers and colleagues, is that you are left with a lengthening list of new directions to investigate. Try to distinguish between things that would be nice to have and things that are crucial to the delivery of your project, or PhD, on time.

花時間探索新想法、聽取導師和同事的建議的一個副作用就是——你的任務清單會多出過多方向。你需要把“好點子”和“對完成項目與學位至關重要的事情”區分開來。

Update your plan

計劃迭代

Your plan and priority list will need to be regularly updated, particularly when things are not going well. Don’t panic if your experiments or initiatives fail: instead, redraft your plan and aim to offload all other distracting tasks as you devote more time to a resolution. Work with your supervisor to formulate an updated list of priorities: your mentor can bring their experience and wisdom to the problem, as well as reassurance to you.

你的計劃和優先事項清單需要定期更新，尤其是當事情進展不順利的時候。如果你的實驗或計劃失敗了，不要慌：相反，你應該重新制定你的計劃，目標是把所有其他分散注意力的任務都取消掉，進而全身心地解決一個重要問題。跟你的導師商量，一起制定一份最新的優先事項清單：導師的經驗和智慧能幫你解決問題，讓你安心些。

Succeeding against the odds and in the face of time pressure is one of the most valuable experiences you can offer to a future employer.

面對時間的緊迫，成功應付困難，一定會爲你接下來的工作提供最有價值的經驗之一。