微型計算機的結構

微型計算機，是指由微處理器作為CPU的計算機。由大規模積體電路組成的、體積較小的電子計算機。接下來小編為大家整理了微型計算機的結構。希望對你有幫助哦!

In Chinese，a computer is popularly known as an " electrical brain"，for the working process of a computer is similar to a human brain very much.

In appearance， a microcomputer has three simple and apparent parts：the main frame， the keyboard and the monitor. In other words， if you own these parts， you would exactly have a computer. A computer system is composed of software and hardware in the light of its working mode. If we compare the hardware to a human body， then， the software would be soul.

Just as a driver can't drive a car without driving skills or the car itself，you can't control a computer without controlling techniques or the computer itself. The controlling techniques are called software， while computers themselves and related devices are called hardware.

The work of a computer is just making full use of various resources by software set in the computer，and directing the hardware to realize marvelous omnipotent functions.

　　Primary Components of a Microcomputer

There are many types of microcomputers. Here，we will use an IBM Personal Computer (PC) to illustrate the primary components of a microcomputer. Other brands and models of microcomputers exhibit difference in appearance and operations. An IBM PC is shown in the figure. Its primary hardware components are the main frame， the monitor， the keyboard， and many peripherals such as the disk drive， hard disk， printer， and mouse， all of which are hardwired to the main frame. The main frame is the heart of a microcomputer system. It contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU)， a chip that controls the major operations of the computer and the main memory.

　　Monitor

The monitor is an essential output device of a microcomputer. Monitors，also known as video display terminals (VDTs)，resemble television screens，and may be either monochrome or color. A monochrome monitor displays only one color on the screen. It is possible white or more eyepleasing green. While color monitors usually offer a wide selection of display colors.

　　Printer

The printer is the most commonly used output device after the monitor. Printers can create a permanent paper copy of results generated by the program being run on the computer. These printouts are sometimes referred to as hard copy. Printers can also generate listings of programs and graphic images. Three types of printers are available： wire printers，ink jet printers and laser printers.

　　Floppy and Hard Disks

The typical secondary storage medium of a microcomputer is the floppy and hard disks. A floppy disk，or diskette，is a thin circular piece of flexible polyester coated with a magnetic material. The data are recorded on a series of concentric circles called tracks. The access mechanism steps from track to track， reading or writing one track at a time. A track is subdivided into sectors. To distinguish the sectors， they are sequentially addressed by natural numbers 0，1，2and so on .A sector is a primitive access unit.

Most microcomputers use floppy diskettes of 5 1/4 inches and 3 1/2inches in diameter. The following figure shows a 3 1/2 inches floppy diskette.

Hard disks，or fixed disks， can be either fixed in the mainframe as a part of the internal hard disks reside permanently within the microcomputer and are removed only for servicing or replacement. External hard disks can be purchased alone and then attached to the microcomputer with cables; they are used for backing up large amounts of data or for additional storage capacity. Hard disks provide tremendous storage capacities ranging from hundreds of megabytes to several gigabytes.

　　Keyboard　and Mouse

A keyboard is a requisite hardware device of a computer. It is an input device most in use，and a dialogue tool between a man and a computer. We can input data needed to be processed or preserved by a computer via a keyboard.

A typical includes a group of standard keys set in the center of the keyboard， many function keys and several additional keys. Function and additional keys have different roles in different software.

Another popular input device is mouse. The mouse is a small，handheld object that is pushed around a desktop to move the cursor on the screen or to select choices from menus displayed on the screen. A mouse is essentially a pointing device that allows the user to do many operations more quickly than he could with the keyboard alone.

在中文裡，計算機有一個人所共知的雅號："電腦".這是因為計算機的工作過程與人的大腦思維過程極為相似。

從外表上看，微型計算機有簡單而鮮明的三部分：主機、鍵盤和監視器。換句話說，只要你擁有了這三部分，你就確實擁有一臺微型計算機。從計算機的工作過程看，計算機系統是由軟體和硬體組成的。如果你將硬體比作人的軀體，那麼，軟體就好比人的靈魂。

正像沒有汽車或者沒有汽車駕駛技術，司機就不能駕駛汽車一樣，沒有計算機或者沒有控制計算機的技術，人就不能操縱計算機。這些控制計算機的技術被叫作軟體，計算機及其各種裝置本身被叫作硬體。

計算機的工作就是通過計算機的軟體組，充分利用計算機的各種資源，並指揮硬體實現無所不能的奇妙用途。

　　微型計算機的主要組成部分

微型計算機種類繁多。在這裡，我們用IBM 個人計算機(PC)來解釋微型計算機的主要組成部分。其他品牌和型號的微機在外貌和操作上各有不同。一臺IBM　PC計算機如圖所示：它的主要硬體成分是主機、監視器、鍵盤以及許多與主機相連的外圍裝置，如磁碟驅動器、硬碟、印表機、滑鼠。主機是微機系統的核心，它包括中央處理單元(CPU)和主存， CPU是一塊控制計算機主要操作的晶片。

　　顯示器

顯示器是微機必需的輸出裝置。顯示器類似於電視螢幕，也被稱為視訊顯示終端(VDTs)，有單色顯示器和彩色顯示器。單色顯示器螢幕上僅顯示一種顏色，這可能是白色或是一種更悅目的綠色。彩色顯示器通常提供許多種可供選擇的單色。

　　印表機

印表機是除顯示器外最常用的輸出裝置。印表機可以將程式執行的結果打印出來，從而成為永久的紙拷貝。這種列印輸出有時也被稱為硬拷貝。印表機也可以列印程式列表和圖形圖片。有三種類型的印表機：外打式印表機、噴墨印表機和鐳射印表機。

　　軟盤和硬碟

微型計算機的典型的輔助儲存介質是軟盤和硬碟。軟盤是一個表面附有磁性材料的柔性的聚酯材料做成的圓圓的薄片。資料被記錄在一些被稱為磁軌的同心圓上，存取裝置讀寫磁軌的過程是從一個磁軌到另一個磁軌，一次只讀寫一個磁軌。磁軌又分為扇區，為了區分這些扇區，用0、1、2等給扇區按順序編上地址號，一個扇區是一個基本的存取單位。

大多數的微機使用5　1/4和3　1/2英寸的軟盤

硬碟，又稱固定盤，它既可以固定在主機箱內成為微機內部設計的一部分，也可以是獨立的外部單元。內部硬碟永久性地安置在微機內，只有需維修或更換時才取出。外部硬碟可以獨立購買，通過電纜線與微機相連;它的用處是備份大量的資料或增加儲存容量。硬碟的儲存容量從幾百兆位元組不等。

　　鍵盤和滑鼠

鍵盤是計算機的一具必要的硬體裝置，也是最常用的一種輸入裝置，是人與計算機的對話工具。我們可以通過鍵盤把資料、資料等需要計算機處理或儲存的資訊送入計算機。

一個典型的鍵盤包括一組位於鍵盤中間的標準鍵、許多功能鍵和一些附加鍵。功能鍵和附加鍵在不同的軟體中有不同的軟體中有不同的作用。

另一種常用的輸入裝置是滑鼠。滑鼠是一個可以用手在桌面上推動的小東西，通過它可以在螢幕上移動游標或者選中選單上的某項功能。滑鼠是一個必要的外部裝置，它可以使使用者以比僅使用鍵盤快得多的速度完成許多操作。