GRE閱讀中的“取非”思想是什麼
在GRE閱讀中，虛擬語氣的用法是十分常見的，但很多同學卻常常忽視了它所代表的含義，那就是見到虛擬語氣就要想到“取非”。比如作者如果寫到：“如果我能夠把韋氏字典都背完，那我GRE閱讀肯定沒有問題了。”這句話其實想要表達的問題就是“我的GRE閱讀有問題”。取非思想如何運用到GRE閱讀的解題當中，下面小編將爲大家做詳細講解。
GRE閱讀中的“取非”思想詳解
直接取非
若在文章中看到虛擬語氣，考慮直接取非反義理解，迅速把握作者態度。
如下面這句話：
例一：Perhaps, some scientists thought, migrants determine their geographic position on Earth by celestial navigation, almost as human navigators use stars and planets, but this would demand of the animals a fantastic map sense.
這句話看似很長，翻譯成爲中文的意思是：“有些科學家認爲，就像人類採用恆星和行星來定位一樣，候鳥或許也是採用天體的導航才得以確定它們所處的地理位置，但這要求這類動物具有令人難以置信的地圖感。”中文讀過去都讓人頭疼。其實我們用虛擬語氣取非的思想來處理，其要表達的意思就很簡單，對前半句話取非，說白了就是前半句話是行不通的，也就是“migrants cannot determine their geographic position on Earth by celestial navigation.”可以知道作者對這種解釋持負評價。
我們再來看個例子：
例二：According to natural selection theory, a worker would enhance her fitness—or ability to propagate her genes—by hatching her own eggs in addition to or in place of the queen’s.
這句話也是虛擬語氣，我們直接取反理解，作者想要表達的就是 “a worker will not enhance her …”
運用這種取非的思想我們可以迅速的把握作者的態度，以及作者想要表達的真實意思。就不用先翻譯成繞口的中文，再拼命的思索其中的含義，可以有效地爲考試爭取時間。
改進型取非
在題幹中看到虛擬語氣，大多需要用到取非思想，與之相對應的一種題型是GRE閱讀題中常見的一種，叫做“改進型取非題”。看例子之前，先簡單解釋下什麼是“改進型取非題”。很簡單，如果題幹問“如果一個對象怎樣會更好”則是改進型取非題，來看具體的例子：
例：It can be inferred from the passage that the “first theories” of grazer control mentioned in line 3 would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to___. 這是一個典型的改進型取非題題幹，問的是第三行第一個理論怎樣會更好。
邏輯思路：既然是改進，原文肯定說到了它的不好之處或者有unless的句子，我們把造成不好的原因取非，就是所要的答案了。
按照此思路定位原文三行，看到後面有這樣一句話“A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.”注意看插入語部分的“but did not prove”，這個就是缺點，取非就是“prove”再看五個選項：
(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions
(B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research
(C) understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton
(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers
(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control
一眼掃過去就只有一個選項在講證明，就是D中的verifiable。所以答案選D。很快解完此題。
強對比取非
取非的思路除了可以在虛擬語氣中使用，還可以在另一種邏輯關係中使用，就是強對比的關係，也就是GRE閱讀題中另一種常考題型“強對比互取非題”，其主要特點是：原文中有強對比的雙方，題幹只問及其中一方，答案是對另一方敘述的取非;或者題乾和原文存在強對比要素，如典型的時間要素，答案也是對原文的敘述取非。
來看個簡單的例子，
例：The author suggests that, before the early 1950’s, most historians who studied preindustrial Europe did which of the following?
思路：在題幹中看到了1950’s，第一反應就是要回原文定位，發現原文只講到了”in the early 1950’s”並沒有”before”，這顯然就是時間上一個取非的關係，我們把in the early 1950’s乾的事情取個非，就是之前乾的事情。答案就很好選了，在此不舉出來了。
這個思路很好理解，比如說“我1995年第一次去北京。”很顯然，1995年以前我就沒有去過北京。這就是時間狀語的取非。其它的強對比關係(如處於相對低於空間的事物通常其特點呈強對比;新事物、新觀點和舊事物、傳統觀點呈強對比;用最高級、唯一性限定的事物和其餘所有同類事物的特徵呈強對比等)，相信考生可以一眼看出，在此就不在一一列舉例子了，重點在明白這種取非的思想。
以上就是關於取非思想在GRE閱讀中運用的講解，結合了一些實例，相信會幫助大家更好地理解這種解題思路。希望各位考生都能掌握這種方法，做好GRE閱讀題。
TIPS：GRE閱讀要學會權衡做題的優先性
很多同學在面對GRE閱讀考試時，都會感嘆時間不夠，常會有考生來不及看完整篇閱讀文章。其中做題速度無法達到要求的原因有很多，詞彙量，閱讀方法，做題技巧無一不是。此外，還有一個很重要的因素：不會取捨，不會衡量做題的優先性。鑑於GRE考試開弓沒有回頭箭的考試模式，如果在做閱讀題時碰到了難度很高，預計會花費大量時間定位解析也難以保證正確率的題目，建議大家直接猜測答案後進入下一題，不要在這些題目上花費太多時間。學會取捨才能保證後續題目的解題時間，從而彌補損失，取得更好的成績。
GRE閱讀中的三大關係
對於考生的意義在於，文章的整體是溫和的，文章裏面出現的極端的言辭都是要注意的，文章裏面的事實都是與我們學術生活共時的，對於過去的追憶和反現實的虛擬狀態，都是非常明顯的潛在出題點。
尤其是虛擬語氣，往往表示應然而非然之狀態，很有可能出現負評價，以態度題的方式考察。而一切過分極端的言辭，如絕對的說法，大多數，比較級尤其是強烈比較級，在文章裏的出現要注意，還有一種也是強烈的對比的標誌，就是以大寫字母標註的時間，指明某時之前或之後，我們稱之爲時間強對比。
ETS公佈GRE閱讀選項原則
1. 正確選項：
(1)同義變換 。即將原文中的某一句話用另一種說法表達，也就是英文中的paraphrase。如將文章中的"many wind-pollinated species fail to release pollen when wind speeds are low or when humid conditions prevail.”換成選項中的“Pollen is sometimes not released by plants when there is little wind"。
其中包括三種類型：變換同義詞，變換句型，變化同根詞的詞性。以下分別論述，請注意表格中的斜體字。
2.錯誤選項：
對於GRE閱讀文章中更大量的錯誤選項，ETS也形成了一套固定的規則。以下筆者就用實例來說明錯誤選項編制的規則：
(1)混偏反無。
1)混: 此類選項的錯誤可以形象地概括爲：“張冠李戴”。 如下例：
文章："ke large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses"
GRE閱讀考試題目：The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to
(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm
(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses (本題問大公司如果沒有使投標轉化爲訂單將引起什麼結果。而這恰恰是小公司的特點。)
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors
(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
2)偏： 意即選項中所包含的邏輯範疇與原文不符。包括”以偏概全“ 以及”以全概偏”。請看下文：
Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine’s development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970’s.
GRE閱讀題目：The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) comparing the works of three Black American authors
(B) describing common themes in Black American literature
(C) discussing an important work in Black American literature
(D) providing insights about Black American literature in the early twentieth century
(E) providing historical information about the writing of Black American novels in the second half the twentieth century
分析：此文描述並評價了美國黑人文學史上一部優秀的著作。而其中的D，E選項中的“Black American literature”以及“the writing of Black American novels”無疑擴大了原文的邏輯涵蓋的範圍，即屬於“以全概偏”。於是不予選擇。
3)反： 即選項中的內容與文章內容相反。
文章：“e Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a black community......”
題目：
According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they
(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives
(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century
(C) used Black communities as the settings for their novels
(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture
(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women
分析：從文章中得知：“馬歇爾已經擺脫了抗議小說所一貫描繪的受壓迫並且帶有悲劇色彩的女主人公形象”。但是B選項卻說道：“馬歇爾深深地受到二十世紀早期抗議小說的影響”，明顯與原文意思相反。
再如：
It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being
(A) completely different from novels written before 1959
(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century
(C) similar to the protest novels that preceded it
(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today
(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s
分析：C選項“與之前的抗議小說類似” 與原文意思相反。而B選項的“深受二十世紀早期小說的影響”從文章無法推測出。
4)無：即 提到文章中未涉及的內容。由於此種選項編制容易，並且ETS一廂情願地認爲此種迷惑手段非常高明。因此，此類錯誤選項在GRE閱讀的錯誤選項中數量衆多。請各位考生緊記：凡基於文章內容無法推測出的選項必然錯誤。
還是上文：
題目：
According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they
(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives
(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century
(C) used Black communities as the settings for their novels
(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture
(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women
分析：從文章中得知：“馬歇爾與另外兩位的的共同點在於他們都把小說聚焦於一位普通的黑人女性對自己身份的追求，當然故事是以一個黑人社會爲背景”。其中的A選項“未研究百人文化對角色生活所帶來的影響”文章從未涉及。
再如：
It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being
(A) completely different from novels written before 1959
(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century
(C) similar to the protest novels that preceded it
(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today
(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s
分析：D選項“二十世紀50年代末期重要，但是今天過時了”文章從未涉及。
(3) 含有強調性語言(最高級、唯一性和比較級)的選項
ETS會隨意地在選項中加入一些極端語言來編制錯誤選項。集中表現爲含有最高級，唯一性以及比較級的詞彙。換句話說，含有這三類詞彙的選項錯誤的機率很高。具體說：
1)最高級詞彙：best , the most important, the least useful, uttermost, foremost, uppermost, always ,never, often, usually，primarily，primary，exact(ly)，complete(ly) . entire(ly) absolute(ly) extremely, unmitigated . unrestrained . unchecked. first等
2)唯一性詞彙：only, alone, exclusively, sole(ly), unique(ly)
3)比較級詞彙：more useful than, less beneficial than, better , worse than ，as , the same with, similar to 等等。
還是以上兩例：
According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they
(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives
(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century
(C) used Black communities as the settings for their novels
(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture
(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women
分析：此處的D選項和E選項中的“primarily”以及“exclusively”都屬於比較極端的詞彙。
It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being
(A) completely different from novels written before 1959
(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century
(C) similar to the protest novels that preceded it
(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today
(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s
分析：此處的A選項中的“completely” 也屬於比較極端的詞彙。
(4) 違反“論據集中”原則：
即此類選項試圖使用非定位處的信息回答問題。此類選項極具迷惑性，因爲這些錯誤的選項在文章中確實被提及過，可是由於與問題回答無關因此不予選擇。
請看下例：
“No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the(E) mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by(B) temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a (D)back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.
On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the (C)Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. ”
【題】The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in order to
(A)illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle
(B)show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents
(C)demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(D)describe the complicated motions made possible by back coupling
(E)account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges
分析：此題爲一道舉例作用題。其定位爲文章中加粗和劃線的句子。但是這四個錯誤的選項都無一例外地通過利用其它的句子編制而成，即出題機構分別使用文章中標號爲 A，B，C和D的內容編制出四個錯誤的選項。因此，不予選擇。考生切忌因爲文章別的地方曾經出現過類似的內容而猶豫不決。
GRE閱讀中的“取非”思想詳解
