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託福閱讀經典加試Title:SumerianCivilization試題及答案

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託福閱讀加試分爲經典加試和非經典加試,一般情況下考生遇到的情況都是經典加試,即所加試的題目都是固定的幾篇。這裏小編爲就爲大家整理了託福閱讀經典加試 1 Title: Sumerian Civilization 試題及答案 享給大家,希望對大家託福備考有幫助。

託福閱讀經典加試Title:SumerianCivilization試題及答案

託福閱讀經典加試 Title: Sumerian Civilization 試題及答案

閱讀經典加試 1 Title: Sumerian Civilization

概述:

第一段:美文化和埃及文化同時,但因爲美的地域限制一直沒有統一。(有題)平原,經常受到入侵,四周沙漠,生活好,不統一。開頭,it is astonishing that...兩個地方在同一時間產生了兩種文化,並且互有交流。一個是尼羅河的埃及文化,一個是兩河流域的M地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼羅河,河水孕育了富饒的土地,兩岸有沙漠作爲自然屏障。M地不一樣,河水土地narrow and shallow,周圍沒有起保護作用的天然屏障

第二段:直到一種S人來統一,說了他們的來源和歷史,他們建立了一種s文化

第三段:S文化的實物遺蹟少,這又兩方面原因:一當地石料不豐富二當地人沒有厚葬的習慣。所以對S的瞭解主要基於文字。當初美索不達米亞的居民生活好像挺好的,所以一直沒有人提出統一的想法,很久以後纔有,可是由於大量的花費在戰爭上什麼的,很快就覆滅了。由於當時的環境條件,那裏的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子,所以和埃及不一樣,現在我們沒找到什麼當初留下的建築物。 我們現在還挖出了許多陶器石板,上面刻着文字,只能通過這些推知歷史。後來又變成什麼蘇美爾了,這是從外面遷徙過來的民族。

第四段:在S文化中最重要的是宗教,每一個城市有一個local god, god無比神聖擁有一切,代表本城在她的fellow中議事。(有題)社會的經濟市場就是以寺廟爲中心,由牧師組織交易,所以很多的牧師紀錄都與此有關。

Mesopotamia culture一種civilization(文明社會)還和埃及比較了一下。關於兩河civilization和Egypt civilization(埃及社會)的。他們同時存在,有交流,但沒有一方壓倒另一方。Egypt的體制根兩河的政治體制不一樣,一個united under 一個聯合體制下,另外一個則由於地理條件的制約不存在united format聯合體制。另外兩河的文明很少有tangible substance (確實的物質)留下來,因爲他們的architecture structure(建築結構)與Egypt不一樣,對他們文字的研究也是通過發掘fragment(碎片)的方法研究的。還講了兩河的local lord(封建地主),這人不是fiction的,他對他那個city state具有很大的influence,文中講到的是economic aspect(經濟方面)同時,他傳話通過一個叫做人君的人傳話。講Mesopotamia的culture,和Egypt的文化對比。因爲兩者是兩河流域的同時發展起來的文化(考:Mesopotamia文化是獨立於independence Egypt的文化)然後講述Mesopotamia culture的特點:建築物沒有Egypt的牢固,文化沒有文字記載等。

答案(下方黑體標出)

word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.

(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.

(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egyptwas being united.

(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.

phrase its substance refers to

(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia 古代美索不達米亞政治的歷史

(B) divine kingship

(C) Egypt

(D) the sudden collapse of military power

word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important

author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to

(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society. 爲相對少的關於古代蘇美爾社會物理遺蹟提供一個解釋

(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.

(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.

(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.

rding to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in

(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia

(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates 底格里斯河和幼發拉底河的交匯處

word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small

rding to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.

(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.

(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.

(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures

at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 儘管這些成就,學者們對於蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少,比起他們愛好什麼而言

Where would the sentence best fit? 選第四方塊

rding to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 對於神的所有權並不僅僅“是虔誠的虛構”這一論點支持的證據是

(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.

(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.

(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.

(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society. 神的所有權服務於蘇美爾社會的經濟組織形式的基礎

word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.

the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪項不是關於當地的神的事實

(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.

(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.

(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.

(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 當地的神有時候同競爭的城邦的神作戰

13. fill in a table

Ancient Egyptian Civilization

(1)政治統一了很久時間 (2)有相當多建築物遺址

Sumerian Civilization

(1)城邦city-state國家是一個特色(2)從文件中所記載(3)這一個文明受到外部侵略

託福閱讀中的四種句子關係

很多考生在準備托福考試的時候,總會發現部分托福考試中的句子遠遠超出了自己的能力範圍。對於這些長難句,當然要從語法的角度去完全把握。但是如果是在考試中遇到不能理解的句子時,考生就偏向於一遍一遍的去讀句子,沒讀懂不說,還浪費了時間,影響了下面的答題。

其實長難句在考試中最直接的運用就是考察插入句子題和解釋句子題。對於這樣的題目,我們在不能讀懂句子的情況下,能夠把握的就是句子的內在關係,即邏輯。邏輯在解釋句子題中的運用尤爲重要,以前有學生反映,在考試中其實句子根本就不能讀懂,而利用邏輯就能迅速排除選項,從而找到正確的答案。所以說,邏輯是我們託福閱讀中的隱形解題幫手,考生們一定要尤爲關注。

下面是託福閱讀中經常出現的四大邏輯關係,把握了它們就等於掌握了託福閱讀解題技巧的一個重要部分。

1. 因果關係

因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with

果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly

因果關係除了傳統意義上的顯性因果表達詞外,隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個重要部分。

隱性因果:

A 導致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。

在這段話中,有lead to, 表示了導致的意思,即結果; 而so that 更進一步表示了後面的結果,所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關係的邏輯。

B 由…而來(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to

如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。”

在這段話中,根據result from可以推斷出有因果關係,那如果是解釋句子題時,選項中有因果關係就可以優先考慮。

C 反映,體現(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

This result demonstrates that…

D 考慮到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort。

E 依賴於: rely on, depend on, resort to,

He resorted to books when he had problems。

F 條件關係:when, once, as soon as, as long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once。

G 分詞短語,不定式做狀語

Failing in the final exam, she cried。

2. 對比轉折關係

A 對比:while, whereas, on the other hand

在解釋句子題,插入句子題中,一旦出現對比關係,學生在掌握的基礎上就能非常快速的判定句間和句內的關係。While, whereas 前後連接的是平行結構,on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用來把握句間關係。

B 轉折:but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

轉折是託福閱讀的一個經典考點之一,掌握這些轉折詞對考試非常有幫助。

3. 比較關係

A 同級比較 as…as

B 比較級:more…than, -er than, less…than

C 變化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差異:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E 超越:surpass, exceed, excel, over

F 最高級

1)本身有最高級含義:maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

2) 本身程度比較深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

3) 否定+比較=最高級

No one is more outstanding than him。

從這句話中可以看出,否定加比較表示的是一種最高級關係。

4. 否定關係

顯性否定:no, not, never, nor, none neither

隱形否定:fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

否定前綴:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

否定前綴是詞彙題中經常出的一個考點,把握否定前綴可以幫助考生把握一些生詞,依靠否定前綴對選項進行一個排除。

雙重否定;not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

雙重否定是英文中經常運用的表達方式,由於在平時中文對話中用的很少,隨意對雙重否定的把握就顯得特別的重要。

託福閱讀備考的三大關鍵

第一,詞彙

從某種意義上來講,詞彙量的大小是TOEFL閱讀理解高分的基礎和關鍵。如果詞彙量沒有達到基本要求(五千以上),縱然你有"葵花寶典"在手,也只能命喪ETS的“毒招”之下。所以,以犧牲詞彙量爲代價的技巧練習簡直是一味巨毒無比的“五毒散”。

第二,通過練習使學生養成高效的閱讀方法--即所謂的閱讀技巧

TOEFL的閱讀量非常大,一般的中國考生根本無法把文章全部讀完,所謂的“掃讀法”、“跳讀法”和“略讀法”也只能適用於少數類型的文章,根本不能解決本質問題。那麼,文章到底應該怎麼讀法呢?一句話,主動地閱讀文章的關鍵部位。所謂主動是指不能象一般的閱讀那樣完全被動地接受信息,而應該不斷的進行思考和預測;所謂關鍵部位,主要是每一段的開頭和結尾部分。由於TOEFL的閱讀理解文章全部選自於正式出版物,文章的邏輯結構非常完整和嚴謹,而且出現的邏輯模式也是屈指可數。經過系統的訓練,考生的預測可以做到非常準確的程度。這樣,通過閱讀文章的幾處關鍵部位,就能很快地把握整個文章的結構和內在的邏輯關係,也就解決了問題的70%。

第三,解題訓練

排除法恐怕是一直以來大多數學生在解閱讀理題目時使用最多的方法。事實上,這種方法具有致命的缺點:干擾大、費時間。更有效和迅速的辦法是讀完題幹之後,就在腦子反映出一個模糊的或者是不完整的答案,然後直接在選項中尋找接近的答案進行判斷。這種能力必須在平時的訓練和講解中逐漸養成和加強,決非什麼技巧之類的東西可以替代。

託福閱讀經典加試 Title: Sumerian Civilization 試題及答案