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英語語法1知識講解

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英語語法1有什麼基礎的語法知識需要我們去理解的?下面是本站小編給大家整理的英語語法1,供大家參閱!

英語語法1知識講解
  英語語法1:形容詞

4.1 形容詞及其用法

形容詞修飾名詞,說明事物或人的性質或特徵。通常, 可將形容詞分成性質形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。

1)直接說明事物的性質或特徵的形容詞是性質形容詞,它有級的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如:hot 熱的。

2) 敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱爲表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數以a開頭的形容詞都屬於這一類。例如:afraid 害怕的。

(錯) He is an ill man.

(對) The man is ill.

(錯) She is an afraid girl.

(對) The girl is afraid.

這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。

3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing爲字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之後,例如:something nice

4.2 以-ly結尾的形容詞

1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly,brotherly,仍爲形容詞。

改錯:(錯) She sang lovely.

(錯) He spoke to me very friendly.

(對) Her singing was lovely.

(對) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

2)有些以-ly 結尾既爲形容詞,也爲副詞。

daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early

The Times is a daily paper.

The Times is published daily.

4.3 用形容詞表示類別和整體

1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的複數連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poor are losing hope.

2) 有關國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體,與動詞的複數連用。

the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.

The English have wonderful sense of humor

4.4 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序

多個形容詞修飾名詞時,其順序爲: 限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --出處--材料性質,類別--名詞

a small round table

a tall gray building

a dirty old brown shirt

a famous German medical school

an expensive Japanese sports car

典型例題: 1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.

A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two

答案:C。由"限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --性質--名詞"的公式可知數詞,描繪詞,性質依次順序,只 有C符合答案。

2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.

A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old

答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質地+用途+國家+名詞。

3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.

A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last

答案:B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關係密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多,音 節少的形容詞在前,音節多的方在後,在不能確定時,可參照下表:

限定詞+數量詞(序數詞在前,基數詞在後)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+

those + three + beautiful + large + square

新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞

old + brown + wood + table

  英語語法1:副詞

副詞主要用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結構。

一、副詞的位置:

1) 在動詞之前。

2) 在be動詞、助動詞之後。

3) 多個助動詞時,副詞一般放在第一個助動詞後。

注意:

a. 大多數方式副詞位於句尾,但賓語過長,副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.

b. 方式副詞well,badly糟、壞,hard等只放在句尾。

He speaks English well.

二、副詞的排列順序:

1) 時間,地點副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在後。

2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長的在後,並用and或but等連詞連接。

Please write slowly and carefully.

3) 多個不同副詞排列:程度+地點+方式+時間副詞。

注意:副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動詞。

改錯:(錯) I very like English.

(對) I like English very much.

注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的後面,形容詞enough放在名詞前後都可。 I don't know him well enough.

There is enough food for everyone to eat.

There is food enough for everyone to eat.

4.6 兼有兩種形式的副詞

1) close與closely

close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細地"

He is sitting close to me.

Watch him closely.

2) late 與lately

late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"

You have come too late.

What have you been doing lately?

3) deep與deeply

deep意思是"深",表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud.

Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4) high與highly

high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當於much

The plane was flying high.

I think highly of your opinion.

5) wide與widely

wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方"

He opened the door wide.

English is widely used in the world.

6) free與freely

free的意思是"免費";freely 的意思是"無限制地"

You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.

You may speak freely; say what you like.

4.7 形容詞與副詞的比較級

大多數形容詞(性質形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形,比較級和最高級有規則變化和不規則變化兩種。

1) 規則變化

單音節詞和少數雙音節詞,加詞尾-er,-est來構成比較級和最高級。

構成法 原級 比較級 最高級

一般單音節詞 tall(高的) taller tallest

未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest

以不發音的e結尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest

的單音詞和少數 large(大的) larger largest

以- le結尾的雙 able(有能力的) abler ablest

音節詞只加-r,-st

以一個輔音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest

結尾的閉音節單 hot熱的) hotter hottest

音節詞,雙寫結

尾的輔音字母,

再加-er,-est

"以輔音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest

結尾的雙音節詞,busy(忙的) busier busiest

改y爲i,再加

-er,-est

少數以-er,-ow clever(聰明的) cleverer cleverest

結尾的雙音節詞 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest

未尾加-er,-est

其他雙音節詞和 important(重要的)

多音節詞,在前 more important

面加more,most most important

來構成比較級和 easily(容易地)

最高級。 more easily

most easily

2) 不規則變化 原級 比較級 最高級

good(好的)/ better best

well(健康的)

bad (壞的)/ worse worst

ill(有病的)

old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest

little(少的) less least

4.8 as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as

1)在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as。

He cannot run so/as fast as you.

2)當as… as 中間有名詞時採用以下格式。

as +形容詞+ a +單數名詞

as + many/much +名詞 This is as good an example as the other is.

I can carry as much paper as you can..

3)用表示倍數的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時,放在as的前面。

This room is twice as big as that one.

Your room is the same size as mine.

4) 倍數+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數+ then + of

This bridge is three times as long as that one.

This bridge is three times the length of that one.

Your room is twice as large as mine.

Your room is twice the size of mine.

4.9 比較級形容詞或副詞 + than

You are taller than I.

They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.

注意:

1)要避免重複使用比較級。

(錯) He is more cleverer than his brother.

(對) He is more clever than his brother.

(對) He is clever than his brother.

2)要避免將主語含在比較對象中。

(錯) China is larger that any country in Asia. (對) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

3)要注意對應句型,遵循前後一致的原則。

The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.

It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

4)要注意冠詞的使用,後有名詞的時候,前面纔有可能有名詞。

比較:Which is large, Canada or Australia?

Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?

She is taller than her two sisters.

She is the taller of the two sisters.

4.10 可修飾比較級的詞

1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等

2)還可以用表示倍數的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。

3)以上詞(除by far)外,必須置於比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。

  每日英語語法1

1 according as,according to

1.1 這兩個詞組雖然相似,但它們的結構和使用場合並不相同。according to表示"根據"、"按照";而according as表示"視乎",有depending及according to whether的意味。

According as是連詞詞組,其後接從句;according to 是介詞短語,其後接名詞。例:

The thermometer rises or falls according to the high or low temperature.寒暑表根據氣溫的高低而升降。 They will be praised or blamed according as their work is good or bad.

給他們的賞罰將視乎他們工作的好壞來決定。

1.2 應當在此指出,在現代英語中,according as的句型結構已很少有人使用,正如 Bergen Evans和 Cornelia Evans在A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage 中指出的那樣:"This construction is not often heard today"。

下面是according to的例句:

According to the weather report,we shall have cold weather next week.

根據天氣報告,下星期天氣將要轉冷。

You should act according to circumstances.你們要隨機應變。

1.3 According to有個同義短語,即 in accordance with,但它們的涵義有細微的區別,前者強調"根據„所言",後者則強調"與„要一致"。另外 in accordance with多用於正式場合,例如表示與一些原則、規律一致。例:

According to police report,five luxury cars were stolen in Kowloon yesterday.

根據警方報告,昨天在九龍有五輛豪華汽車失竊。

We must proceed in accordance with the rules.我們必須按照規章辦事。

That sentence is not in accordance with the rules of grammar.那個句子不符合語法規則。

1.4 請注意,in accordance with 既可引導 adverbial phrase,又可引導adjectival phrase作verb"to be"的補語(見上面 in accordance with的第一和第二個例句);according to則不能。例如,我們不能說: The news is according to Hong Kong’s broadcasting station.(錯)

1.5 另一點需要補充說明的是,in accord with 和 in accordance with同義,它們可以互換使用,但前者遠不及後者用得普遍。英國學者認爲,我們最好在強凋"與„一致"(agreement)的時候,用in accord with;在強調"服從"或"遵照執行"(obeying or following)的涵義時,用 in accordance with。例如: What he has done is not in accord with your instructions.

In accordance with your instructions we have suspended work on the heating apparatus.

2 admit,admit of

2.1 一般說來,admit表示"許入"、"進入"(allow somebody or something to enter)或"承認"(acknowledge)的意義;admit of則表示"容許"(allow of)或"容有"(leave room for)之意。例如:

This ticket admits one person only.此券只准一人入場。

I admitted him to the lecture.我准許他入內聽講。

He has admitted the fact.他已承認此事。

This matter admits of no delay.此事刻不容緩。

This word admits of several interpretations.這個詞可作幾種解釋。

2.2 Admit的主語既可以是物,也可以是人,而admit of 的主語只可以是沒有生命的事物。例如,我們不能說: I can’t admit of your doing it,而只能說:I can’t allow you to do it。又如,不可以說:He can admit of no question,而應該說:His veracity admits of no question(他的誠信是勿容置疑的)。

2.3 值得注意的是,admittance和admission都是admit 的名詞,它們都有"准入"之意,但使用場合不同。一般說來,admittance用於直義,即指准許某人進入某一場所;admission則大都用於比喻意,指准許進入的權利、入場費或入會費而言。因此,"入場券"譯作admission ticket,不譯作admittance ticket。"如非公事,不得擅進(非請勿進)"則譯作 No admittance except on business。現將這兩個詞作一比較:

They refused him admittance when he arrived.他抵達時他們拒絕他入場。

They granted him admission.他門准許他入會。

此外,admit用作解"承認"時,之後可以接動名詞或從句,但不能接動詞不定式。例如: He admits having seen the book或 He admits that he saw the book。但不可以說:He admits to have seen the book。

2.4 在現代英語中,有時我們可以看到 admit to這麼一個短語,其義相當於confess to (承認),例如: In spit of all the evidence against her,she refused to admit to the crime.

雖然所有證據都對她不利,但是她拒絕承認犯了罪。

有些西方學者認爲,admit to 並不是地道的英語,最好避免使用。

2.5 與之類似區別的詞語有 allow和allow of。前者的意思是"許可"(permit);後者的意思是"容有„餘地"(leave room for)。它們的用法與 admit和 admit of相同。

3 after,behind

After用作介詞時,很易和另一介詞behind混淆不清,因爲它們都表示"在„之後"的意思。它們的區別有以下幾點:

(一)一般說來,after指時間的先後次序,意爲"在„之後"(later in time than); behind指位置的前後,意爲"在„後面"(in the rear of)。例如:

I shall be free after ten o’clock.十點之後我有空。

The national stadium is located behind the hill.國家運動場在山崗的後面。

(二)after常用以指順序,意爲"跟在„之後"、"接着"、"接連"(in succession or next to in order); behind 則表示"隱匿在後"、"揹着"或"遺留在後"之意。如:

After you,please!您先請!(出門或進門時的客套用語)

You should put the direct object after the indirect object.你應該把直接賓語放在間接賓語之後。 The policemen are searching for the robbers door after door.警察正在挨家挨戶地搜查劫匪。

Day after day and year after year„日復一日,年復一年„„。

Don’t stand behind the door.不要躲在門背後。

Don’t speak evil of a man behind his back.不要在背後說人壞話。

Who is behind the scenes?誰是幕後人?

Those smugglers ran away and left no trace behind them.那些走私客逃走時沒有留下任何痕跡。

(三)在某些場合下,after和behind可以互換使用,但涵義有所不同。如:

Shut the door after you.(1) Shut the door behind you.(2)

(1)句的意思是"隨手關門",after含有離開與關門兩個動作的先後的意味;

(2)句的意思是"關上你背後的門",behind表示門的靜止狀態的意味,正因爲如此,我們通常說:Don’t stand behind the door,而不說:Don’t stand after the door。

值得注意的是,在另一些場合下,after和behind 在互換使用後,其意並無區別可言。如:

The dog ran after its master. John came in after Alice. The dog ran behind its master. John came in behind Alice.

Behind除作介詞外,尚可用作副詞、名詞和形容詞; after除作介詞外,還可用作副詞、連詞和形容詞,由於不屬本書探討範圍之內,這裏就不贅述。

4 alone,lone

4.1 這一對詞都有"單獨"、"孤單"(having no other person or thing nearby)之意,但用法有所不同。就詞性而言,alone既可作形容詞,又可作副詞;而lone只能作形容詞,不能作副詞。例如:

He is alone.(adj.) He live alone.(adv.) A lone bird flew past.(adj.)

4.2 用作形容詞時,alone只能作表語;而lone一般只能作定語。例:

I am alone.(不能說: I am an alone person)我獨居。

She wants to make a lone flight.她想單獨飛行。

4.3 在現代英語裏,alone和lone跟lonely涵義不同,前二者只表示"單獨",沒有感情色彩,但後者則表示"孤單、寂寞"的感受。例:

Though I was alone in Hong Kong,I did not feel lonely.雖然我獨居香港,但是我並不感到寂寞。 The lone traveller led a lonely life.那獨行客過着寂寞的人生。